Pranam
Q1 UNI CELLULAR AND MULTI-CELLULARS
Cells function differently in unicellular and multicellular organisms, but
in every organism, each cell has specialized cell structures, or
organelles, of which there are many. These *organelles* are responsible for
a variety of cellular functions, such as obtaining nutrients, producing
energy, and making proteins. *Unicellular organisms are made up of only one
cell that carries out all of the functions needed by the organism, while
multicellular organisms use many different cells to function.*
Unicellular organisms include bacteria, protists, and yeast. For example, a
paramecium is a slipper-shaped, unicellular organism found in pond water.
It takes in food from the water and digests it in organelles known as food
vacuoles. Nutrients from the food travel through the cytoplasm to the
surrounding organelles, helping to keep the cell, and thus the organism,
functioning.
Multicellular organisms are composed of more than one cell, with groups of
cells differentiating to take on specialized functions. In humans, cells
differentiate early in development to become nerve cells, skin cells,
muscle cells, blood cells, and other types of cells. One can easily observe
the differences in these cells under a microscope. Their structure is
related to their function, meaning each type of cell takes on a particular
form in order to best serve its purpose. Nerve cells have appendages called
dendrites and axons that connect with other nerve cells to move muscles,
send signals to glands, or register sensory stimuli. Outer skin cells form
flattened stacks that protect the body from the environment. Muscle cells
are slender fibers that bundle together for muscle contraction.
The cells of multicellular organisms may also look different according to
the organelles needed inside of the cell. For example, muscle cells have
more mitochondria than most other cells so that they can readily produce
energy for movement; cells of the pancreas need to produce many proteins
and have more ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticula to meet this demand.
Although all cells have organelles in common, the number and types of
organelles present reveal how the cell functions.
Unicellular vs. Multicellular
There are many types of unicellular organisms in the world, including
protists like one, which feed mainly on diatoms, amoebas, bacteria, and
algae.
Therefore it is not a specific kingdom yardstick at all. It is the
functional ,growth oriented, positive or negative prospective content.
Kingdom classification is beyond the cells.
Q4 African Bushmen Creation Myth
People did not always live on the surface of the earth. At one time people
and animals lived underneath the earth with Kaang (Käng), the Great Master
and Lord of All Life. In this place people and animals lived together
peacefully. They understood each other. No one ever wanted for anything and
it was always light even though there wasn't any sun. During this time of
bliss Kaang began to plan the wonders he would put in the world above.
First Kaang created a wondrous tree, with branches stretching over the
entire country. At the base of the tree he dug a hole that reached all the
way down into the world where the people and animals lived. After he had
finished furnishing the world as he pleased he led the first man up the
hole. He sat down on the edge of the hole and soon the first woman came up
out of it. Soon all the people were gathered at the foot of the tree, awed
by the world they had just entered. Next, Kaang began helping the animals
climb out of the hole. In their eagerness some of the animals found a way
to climb up through the tree's roots and come out of the branches. They
continued racing out of the world beneath until all of the animals were out.
Kaang gathered all the people and animals about him. He instructed them to
live together peacefully. Then he turned to the men and women and warned
them not to build any fires or a great evil would befall them. They gave
their word and Kaang left to where he could watch his world secretly.
As evening approached the sun began to sink beneath the horizon. The people
and animals stood watching this phenomenon, but when the sun disappeared
fear entered the hearts of the people. They could no longer see each other
as they lacked the eyes of the animals which were capable of seeing in the
dark. They lacked the warm fur of the animals also and soon grew cold. In
desperation one man suggested that they build a fire to keep warm.
Forgetting Kaang's warning they disobeyed him. They soon grew warm and were
once again able to see each other.
However the fire frightened the animals. They fled to the caves and
mountains and ever since the people broke Kaang's command people have not
been able to communicate with animals. Now fear has replaced the seat
friendship once held between the two groups.
The Bushmen of Africa believe that not only are plants and animals alive,
but also rain, thunder, the wind, spring, etc. They claim:
What we see is only the outside form or body. Inside is a living spirit
that we cannot see. These spirits can fly out of one body into another. For
example, a woman's spirit might sometimes fly into a leopard; or a man's
spirit fly into a lion's body. (Fahs and Spoerl 6)
This may be part of the reason that animals play such an important role in
their myth.
Why bushmen theory ? What one read above mutatis-mutandi apply to
Indians also as read similar behaviours from Vedas. However the west is
bent upon matching A Genome to “A” genome found all over the earth, except
Europe, color conscious land. !!!. This is the nut shell behind: “This
diversity reveals just how important it is to include African people in
genome sequencing projects. Until now, the nine complete human genomes have
included just one Africa – a Yoruba man from Nigeria. The rest have hailed
from Europe, America, China, Korea and, most recently, Greenland circa
4,000 years ago. This is a major oversight. Africa is the birthplace of
humanity and its people are the most genetically diverse on the planet. To
understand human genetics without understanding Africa is like trying to
learn a language by only looking at words starting with z.
The Bushmen certainly provide a glimpse into this diversity. Desmond Tutu
was also selected because his ancestry covers the two largest of southern
Africa’s Bantu groups – the Tswama and the Nguni – making him an excellent
representative for many southern Africans. Vanessa Hayes, who worked on the
study, says, “This work is very expensive so we wanted to maximise the
amount of diversity we could get in one individual.” The team had other
reasons for sequencing the bishop.”He’s a voice for southern Africans and
for his people. He’s a chairman of the Global Elders. He provides a genome
with a lot of medical history behind it, having survived prostate cancer,
polio and Tb, diseases that affect many southern Africans.” But most
importantly, Hayes says, “He wanted to participate. He himself wanted to
study medicine so this for him was a personal endeavour.” NB: Where people
migrated due to seeking new pastures, genome matching from center “A” night
matches with many centers all around. The West knew it and yet, would like
to ignore the Indian cult as Europe shall become the creations out of India.
Here the vedantic philosophy of perception can be applied to the west
EYES.
Q10 It's no secret that Mount Everest, the jewel in Nepal's Himalayan
crown, is the world's premier mountain. It's one of those facts embedded in
childhood, like knowing that Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on
the *moon* <https://www.livescience.com/earths-moon.html> or that *blue
whales* <https://www.livescience.com/64459-blue-whale.html> are the largest
animals ever to have loved. You may be surprised to hear, then, that other
peaks could conceivably be considered *Earth's*
<https://www.livescience.com/earth.html> tallest; it just depends how you
measure them. So, judging by different parameters — including tallest by
altitude, tallest from base to top and tallest based on being the farthest
point from Earth's center — what is the tallest mountain in the world?
Mount Everest, located deep in the Mahālangūr Himāl subrange of
the Himalayas, is undoubtedly the most famous — and alluring — of all our
planet's mountains. Also known as Chomolungma, meaning "Goddess Mother of
the World" in Tibetan, Everest was first scaled on May 29, 1953 by Tenzing
Norgay, a Sherpa of Nepal, and New Zealander Edmund Hillary, and has since
been successfully climbed by around 4,000 people. The mountain has also
claimed the lives of over 300 since records started being kept in 1922,
according to the Guardian.
few decades, but the latest assessment, announced in November
2021, puts it at 29,031.69 feet (8,848.86 meters) above sea level, which is
almost 5.5 miles (8.8 kilometers) tall. It's a pretty impressive height,
but it does raise a question: Why do we use "above sea level" when
determining the world's tallest peak?
"In order to have comparability in measurements, it is necessary to
have a consistent baseline," Martin Price, a professor and founding
director of the Centre for Mountain Studies at the University of Highlands
and Islands in Scotland, told Live Science.
"Historically, and even now, elevation is usually given as height
above mean sea level," Price told Live Science in an email. "However, this
has to be with reference to a standard mean sea level, which has to be
defined. Sea levels are different in different parts of the world, and
they're changing due to climate change."
As a result, "elevation is now measured in relation to the mathematically
defined geoid of the Earth," he said. The geoid is, according to the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "a model of global mean
sea level that is used to measure precise surface elevations." This average
is used to ascertain the height of mountains, a process that sometimes
requires an aeroplane to fly "back and forth over a mountain in a series of
parallel lines to measure how much gravity pulls down on its peak,"
according to GIM International. These measurements, in conjunction with GPS
readings, provide incredibly accurate elevation readings.
Observatory on *Mauna Kea: *The observatory on Mauna Kea on the Big Island
of Hawaii. (Image credit: Westend61 via Getty Images)
So, all mountains are measured from sea level, predominantly for
convenience and consistency, but what if measurements were simply taken
from base to peak? Would Everest still top the charts?
The answer is a mountainous "no." That honor would go to Mauna Kea, an
inactive volcano in Hawaii. Although its peak is 13,802 feet (4,205 m)
above sea level — which is less than half the height of Everest, according
to National Geographic — the majority of Mauna Kea is hidden below sea
level. When measured from base to peak, Mauna Kea is 33,497 feet (10,211 m)
tall, according to the United States Geological Survey, which puts it heads
and shoulders above Mount Everest.
Should we, therefore, regard Mauna Kea as the tallest mountain on Earth?
"It all depends on the perspective you take," Price said. "If
there were no oceans on our planet, there would be no debate! You could
draw comparisons to the highest mountains on other bodies in our solar
system, which have no oceans."
Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador. : Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador sits very close
to the equator. Meanwhile, another contender, Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador,
boasts a peak that is the farthest point from Earth's center.
Chimborazo isn't the tallest mountain in the Andes — it's not even in the
top 30 — but its proximity to the equator is what makes all the difference.
Earth is not a perfect sphere — technically, it's an oblate spheroid — and
it bulges along the equator. This is a result of the force created by
Earth's rotation. As a result, it means there is a difference of 13.29
miles (21.39 km) between the planet's polar radius (3,949.90 miles/6,356.75
km) and its equatorial radius (3,963.19 miles/6,378.14 km), according to
the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
Chimborazo is just 1 degree south of the equator, where Earth's bulge is
most prominent; this geographical quirk means Chimborazo's summit is 3,967
miles from Earth’s core, making it 6,798 feet (2,072 m) farther away from
the planet's center than the peak of Everest.
So, which of these three contenders for tallest mountain should take home
first prize?
*CORRECT ANSWER IS:*
*Mount Everest is the tallest mountain above sea level, while Mauna Kea can
certainly claim to be the world's tallest mountain (when sea level isn't
taken into account). It would be difficult to make a case for Chimborazo
being the tallest, but "it's all a matter of perspective," Price admitted.*
Regardless of the mountain you choose, its height will pale in comparison
with Mars' Olympus Mons, the largest known volcano in the solar system. It
has a height of around 16 miles (25 km), according to NASA, which is almost
three times taller than Everest, and a base of 374 miles (601.9 km) in
diameter, which is about the same distance separating San Francisco and Los
Angeles (383.1 miles/616.5 km).
There is also an impact crater called Rheasilvia on the asteroid Vesta,
which is part of the asteroid belt 100 million miles from Earth. At the
center of this crater is a peak that scientists believe could be anywhere
between 12 and 15.5 miles (20 and 25 km) in height, meaning it may be the
tallest mountain in the solar system, according to the NASA Jet Propulsion
Laboratory. (Originally published on Live Science.).
KR IRS 21522
On Fri, 20 May 2022 at 15:33, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <
[email protected]> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 05-2022-20*
>
> *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS*
>
> *Q1 Are humans animals?*
>
> A1 Ken Saladin Former professor of histology (microscopic
> anatomy) May 13
>
> Yes.
>
> *If you’re composed of more than one cell, you’re either an animal, plant,
> or fungus.*
>
> Some of us might claim to be a fun guy, but no one claims to be a fungi.
> Some of us might vegetate, and some might be undercover plants (informants
> or spies), but no one claims to be a vegetable.
>
> In spite of all that, we’re all stuck here together as members of the
> Animal Kingdom.
>
> *My note- We have 6th sense which differentiate humans from other animals.
> **Probably a kingdom* humans was not classified. The professor cannot go
> wrong.
>
> *Q2 In India, on a railway track on the pole, yellow numbers are
> written. What do they mean?*
>
> A2 Subhasis Dutta Roy Working in Indian Railways at Indian
> Railways (2001–present) 1y
>
> I think the question regarding this plate fixed on the electrical pole
> beside of Railway track. *It represents the distance in kilometres
> starting from end station.*
>
> *My home station is Burdwan. Burdwan station is at a distance of 96 km
> from Howrah. Howrah is an end or stating station km denote as “0″.At
> Burdwan station, this mast number denotes as “96″.*
>
> For up direction the numbers are odd and for down direction, numbers are
> even.
>
> At Burdwan station, the up direction railway track mast number written as
> “96/01” and at same place down direction railway track mast number written
> as “96/02”.
>
> You can identify the Railway rack direction by these numbers. If you can
> see the odd numbers then you travelling in up direction line.
>
> If you see the numbers written as even then you are travelling in down
> direction railway track.
>
> Normally Railway tracks towards Delhi is treated as up directions track
> and tracks come out from Delhi to different directions are treated as down
> direction tracks.
>
> *For train, numbers train to go outward from their originating station
> having the up train number. These numbers are odd numbers at the end*.
> For example 13151 up SDAH -JAT Express. Travelling at up direction.
>
> Trains reaching towards their originating station having the down train
> numbers. These numbers are even numbers at the end. For example 13152 down
> JAT- SDAHE xpress. Travelling at the down direction towards it originating
> station SDAH.
>
> *My note- In earlier days when railway electrification was not there,
> telecom wires were* erected on bottom of the pole and top had block and
> pulley wires for the railway. The block system wires were maintained by P
> and T department. These poles had the numbers, which is now in
> electrification poles
>
> *Q3 How did tiny Britain manage to rule almost the whole world?*
>
> A3 Claire Jordan Degree in biology and folklore; programmer,
> shop owner, secretary on newspaper Thu
>
> *By having huge natural resources in coal, timber, steel and fast-moving
> waterways, and a very mild, productive climate. That meant we didn’t have
> to* scrabble just to survive but could lay up supplies and then spend the
> winter noodling about with new designs for ways to use all those lovely
> resources, so we industrialised before anyone else. Then we used the timber
> to make ships to go and get more and more luxurious resources - spice,
> silk, ivory etc.
>
> *Q4 Why do we assume the first humans were black?*
>
> A4 Steven Haddock May 12
>
> These are the Bushmen who live in the area around the Kalahari Desert in
> southwest Africa near modern Botswana.
>
> Bushmen have by far the largest genetic variation of any group of people
> on earth, as well as the highest degree of language variation. Bushmen who
> live within a dozen miles of each other (but speak different languages) are
> less closely related than Australians are to American Indians.
>
> *It is clear the ancestors of the Bushmen were the oldest surviving group
> of modern humans. We simply assume that their ancestors were similar in
> appearance to them.*
>
> *Q5 Can you use different gauge wires on the same circuit? Is it
> completely safe to use?*
>
> A5 Glenn Riley, PCB Technician at Hallmark Electronics UK
> (2021-present)Answered Apr 11
>
> *Yes, you can use different gauge wires on the same circuit.* However,
> it's important to be aware of the ampacity rating of the wire. The ampacity
> is the maximum amount of current that the wire can carry safely.
>
> *Different gauge wires have different ampacity ratings*. For example, a
> 14-gauge wire has an ampacity rating of 15 amps, while a 12-gauge wire has
> an ampacity rating of 20 amps. That means that if you're using 14-gauge
> wires on a circuit that carries more than 15 amps of current, you're
> exceeding the safe capacity of the wire and it could overheat and cause a
> fire.
>
> *It's also worth mentioning that using different gauge wires on the same
> circuit can create other problems.* For example, if you have a 14-gauge
> wire and a 12-gauge wire connected to the same terminal on a breaker or
> fuse, the 12-gauge wire will carry all of the current because it has a
> higher ampacity rating. *That means that the 14-gauge wire will carry
> very little current and it could overheat.*
>
> In general, it's best to use the same gauge wire throughout a circuit. That
> way, you don't have to worry about exceeding the safe capacity of the wire
> or creating other problems. If you do need to use different gauge wires,
> make sure you're aware of the ampacity rating of the wire and follow all
> safety guidelines.
>
> *Q6 How can l control my blood sugar?*
>
> A6 Vinay Kumar B.tech from Visvodaya Institute of Technology
> and Science (Graduated 2020) May 13
>
> Exercise regularly. Eat more fiber. Drink more water and stay
> hydrated. Control stress levels. Maintain a moderate weight.etc.,
>
> *Q7 What are some lesser known facts about Lal Bahadur Shastri?*
>
> A7 Swatanshu Shekhar Singh Studied Politics of India &
> Political History of India Updated 2y
>
> *How should a minister be?*
>
> He had not told his mother that he was a railway minister. Was told
> that "I work in railway".
>
> He once came to an event organised by Railway where his mother also came,
> asking that my son is also here, he is also in the railway.
>
> People asked what is the name ?? When she told the name, everyone was
> shocked, "She is lying".
>
> But she said, "No he has come".
>
> People took her in front of Lal Bahadur Shastriji and asked, "Is this is
> your son?
>
> So the mother said "yes he is my son."
>
> People showed the minister, "Is she your mother?"
>
> Then Shastri ji called his mother and sat with her and after some time
> sent her home.
>
> So the reporters asked "Why didn't you give a speech in front of her".
>
> So he said -*My mother does not know that I am a minister. If she comes
> to know, she will start recommending people and I will not be able to
> refuse… and she will also have arrogance.*
>
> Everyone was shocked to hear the answer."
>
> Where did those selfless, humble and honest people go?
>
> "We will always work on the late Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri ji as our ideal
> ". Gone those Politicians , Gone those days…
>
> *Q8 What is normal in your country but weird in the rest of the
> world?*
>
> A8 Harish. MJR Tamil Indian Updated Jan 10
>
> INDIA.
>
> I was born and raised in Southern part of India, Tamilnadu. *These
> following things are perfectly normal in Southern region of India.*
>
> *1.A long banana leaf is tied on the small restaurants to indicate that
> the “food is ready to serve”*
>
> 2.The whole part of banana tree is kept in vertical position outside the
> house *during auspicious occasions like wedding.*
>
> *3. Kolam-a form of drawing, drawn outside of the house with rice flour
> every morning is meant as a* meal offering to ants, birds and bugs.
>
> *4.Cow dung mixed with water is sprinkled outside the house, people use
> cow dung to repel insects like scorpions, centipedes, etc*. These small
> insects do not dare to come near the areas which are coated with the Cow
> Dung paste.
>
> *Q9 My fasting sugar was 131, but after 2 hours of light
> breakfast it was 330. Why?*
>
> A9 KARTHIK KKPCSELF EMPLOYED at ISO 27001 Lead AuditorMay 13
>
> A fasting blood sugar level between 100 and 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L)
> ... My fasting sugar was 131, but after 2 hours of light breakfast it was
> 330.
>
> *When people eat a meal, especially when it contains carbohydrates, it is
> normal for them to have a temporary spike in their sugar level (of*ten
> known as a post-prandial spike) before the insulin their body produces
> immediately starts working to lower the spike.
>
> *My note- After 1.5 hours the blood sugar reading must be below 160. If it
> is more he has diabetics**. In this case he has diabetics*
>
> *Q10 What is the highest mountain in the world?*
>
> Steven HaddockLL.B. degree, 25 years in litigation, administrative law,
> collections, bankrupty and professional regulation9mo
>
> *People really don’t understand how dominant the Himalayas are.*
>
> The Himalayas, which is actually a chain of two mountain chains known as
> the Himalayas and the Karakoram, not only have the highest mountains in the
> world and the top 10, you have to go to the 33rd highest mountain in the
> world to find the highest outside that chain.
>
> *And here’s the kicker - the 33rd highest mountain isn’t even far from the
> Himalaya/Karakoram chain - it’s just to the north of it.*
>
> In fact, of the 108 highest peaks in the world (which is as far as
> Wikipedia goes) all 108 are either in the Himalaya/Karakoram chain or in a
> chain that’s close to it. None are entirely outside either Nepal, India,
> Pakistan or China.
>
> *All the above QA are from Quora website on 20-05- 2022. *
>
> *Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers .*
>
> *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 20-05-2022*
>
>
>
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