Pranam
VEDANGA JYODISHA VERSES ON STARS PART 2
Parvan (पर्वन्).—Word, pada; lit. member of a sentence; the word is found
used in the sense of पद (*pada*) in the old Pratisaakhya Literature: cf.
अन्तरेण पर्वणी । पर्वशबेदन पदमुच्यते । पदयोर्मध्ये पद आगमो भवति । यथा
प्राङ्कसोमः, प्राङ्क्सोमः । (*antareṇa parvaṇī | parvaśabedana padamucyate
| padayormadhye pada āgamo bhavati | yathā prāṅkasomaḥ*, *prāṅksomaḥ |*) Uvvata
on V. Pr. I. 138.
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WHAT IS 5 YEARS PER YUGA MENTIONED HERE?
2) Yuga (युग) refers to a “period of five years”, according to the
Bṛhatsaṃhitā (chapter 2).—Accordingly, “We shall now proceed to give a
brief description of (the qualifications of) a *jyotiṣaka*. [...] He must
have a clear knowledge of the causes of Solar, Savana, Siderial and Lunar
months as well as of intercalary lunations and intercalary days [i.e.,
*avama*]. He must have a knowledge of the beginning and end of Śaṣṭyābda (a
cycle of 60 years) [Ṣaṣṭyabda?], a Yuga (5 years), Varṣa (a year), Māsa (a
month), Thina (a day) and Horā (an hour) and of their lords”.
3) Yuga (युग) refers to a “carriage pole”, .—Accordingly, “If the two horns
of the moon should appear but slightly raised and far from each other
presenting the appearance of a boat, she brings trouble on the sailors but
prosperity on mankind at large. [...] If the moon should appear like a bow,
there will be war in the land; and those will succeed whose places lie in
the direction of the bow-string. If the moon should appear stretched from
north to south presenting the appearance of a carriage pole [i.e., *yuga*]
there will be earthquake (within that month)”.
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Chapter Verses
R-VJ 1 Purified, with the head having bowed down to the division of the
days, seasons, ayanas, months, and Prajapati, lord of the yuga, consisting
of five years.
R-VJ 2 Having bowed down with the head to time and the Honorable
Sarasvati, I will explain the knowledge of time of Mahatma Lagadha.
R-VJ 3 In due order, I will explain the holy path of the heavenly bodies
approved of by the lords of the priests for the success in the time of the
sacrificial rite.
R-VJ 4 [Take the *ordinal number* of years reached in the current yuga]
minus one, multiplied by twelve, multiplied by two, added to [the parvans]
attained [in the current year].
For every 60 [parvans], two [parvans] are added. Declared is the quantity
of the parvanas. Commentary on the literal verse:
The first measurement given in the Rig Veda recension is calculating the
present number of parvans in the current yuga. A yuga is five years long.
One takes the current number of full years completed in a current yuga and
multiplies that number by 12 because there are 12 synodic lunar months in a
year. Then multiply that subtotal by 2 because there are 2 parvans (a full
and new moon) for every synodic lunar month. Then add the total number
parvans attained in the current year. Take the total of that number and add
two parvans for every 60 parvans. This is the total number of parvans in
the current yuga, which is 124. Immediately we see that the five year yuga
is a primary measurement, along with the quantity of full and new moons
within that cycle. The Moon is very important in sacrificial rites.
(chaturyuga is different)
R-VJ 5 Celestially when the moon and the sun simultaneously rise up with
Vasava (Dhanishtha nakshatra), thence forward it should be the yuga. Magha
(is the synodic lunar month), Tapas (is the solar seasonal month), the moon
is waxing, and indeed the ayana is northwards.
R-VJ 6 The sun and the moon giving to the nakshatra of Dhanishtha go
northwards. When midway in the nakshatra of Ashlesha, the sun moves towards
the south, but this is always in the (synodic lunar) month of Magha and
Shravana, respectively.
R-VJ 7 The increase of the day is a prastha of water when the Sun is on its
northern course with the decrease of night. When southern, those two
interchange. And during an ayana [the increase and decrease amounts equal]
six muhurta.
R-VJ 8 They said the first, seventh, thirteenth [tithis of the waxing moon]
and the fourth and tenth [tithis of the waning moon] are the beginning of
the ayanas; and indeed, beginning with the confluence are surely when
accompanied by six (more than the previous tithi).
R-VJ 9 At the beginning of the ayanas they (deities of the nakshatras)
should be Vasu (deity of the nakshatra of Dhanishtha), Tvashta (deity of
the nakshatra of Chitra), Bhavas (another name of Rudra, the deity of
Ardra), Aja (deity of the nakshatra of Purvabhadrapada), Mitra (deity of
the nakshatra of Anuradha), Sarpa (deity of the nakshatra of Ashlesha), the
two Ashvins (deities of the nakshatra of Ashvini), Jala (deity of the
nakshatra of Purvashadha), Dhata (deity of the nakshatra of
Uttaraphalguni), and Ka (also known as Prajapati, the deity of the
nakshatra of Rohini). Four and a half nakshatras are a season.
R-VJ 10 The portions of the nakshatras should be eight to be multiplied
from those divided by twelve from the paksha and the remainder is
multiplied by eleven. If the lunations (parvans) are at full moon, add half (62
portions to the moon’s nakshatra).
Commentary: Basically this verse is based on the number nakshatras
surpassed in a yuga by the Sun, which is 135 (27 nakshatras x 5) and the
number of pakshas/parvans surpassed by the Moon in a yuga, which is 124 (24
per year plus 4 intercalary parvans). This gives a ratio of 1 11/124
nakshatras surpassed by the Sun for every paksha/parvan of the Moon. With
this data, 12 parvans or six lunar months has the Sun surpass 13 8/124
nakshatras. When this ratio is applied to the middle way point of a yuga (62
parvans), then the total nakshatras surpassed is 67 ½, which is also 13 ½
nakshtras from the starting nakshatra of the yuga.
R-VJ 11 When there are eight portions of a nakshatra, 19 kalas are to be
calculated for each portion. When there is a remainder, 73 kalas should be
removed corresponding to each remainder portion.
R-VJ 12 The remainder of the nakshatras (in terms of its 124 portions) is
a 3rd portion (for each day in a year) having subtracted/rounded off up to
14 (days in any parvan). When situated when half of the nakshatras have
increased (at the half year mark), (add) another portion and a second when
that is final (at the end of the year). With the navaka rule (found in
R-VJ 13 and Y-VJ 16) (these sidereal portions) are not to be added. R-VJ 13
That rising point from the 15th (tithi)/paksha (at the end of any parvan)
should be declared [dividing the paksha] by nine and the remainder
multiplied by seven.
R-VJ 14 With the abbreviations, the nakshatras are ja, drā, ga, kha, śve,
ahī, ro, ṣā, cit, mū, ṣa, ṇya, sū, mā, dhā, ṇa, re, mṛ, ghā, svā, apo,
ajas, kṛ, ṣya, ha, jye, and ṣṭhā.
R-VJ 15 With the Jau, etc. portions, one should know the pair (the two
portions of the parvan nakshatras). Among those paravans when in the first
half (of the parvan nakshatra), the consumed nakshatra are the later ones
(the 15th tithi). If more from the two portions (of the nakshatra), it
should be in the 14th tithi.
R-VJ 16 Twice ten plus one-twentieth kalas should be two nadika of a muhurta.
That 30 (muhurta) should be 600 plus three more (603) of the kalas.
R-VJ 17 Two nadikas are a muhurta, but a mashaka (adhaka) equals 50 palas.
>From a mashaka (adhaka) is a kumbhaka or drona (4 times the adhaka)
increases by three kutas.
R-VJ 18 a-c The Moon joined with the nakshatras is [sixty] plus seven (67).
The Sun is 13 and 5/9ths of a day. R-VJ 18 d (still trying to figure out
this verse)
R-VJ 19 From the multiplied Shravishthas a.k.a. Dhanishthas, one should
declare the lagnas of the east. One should declare the seasonal solar months
from the six (seasons). From six (seasons), one should know those seasonal
lunar months.
R-VJ 20 From the portions of the parvans gone beyond it should be
subtracted from twice the tithi. In those portions of the circle, the Sun
is situated in the desired tithi.
R-VJ 21 Those declared of those, one should know the nakshatra of the
tithi and those granted kalas. Adding the kala and the aggregate one should
know the bounded kalas.
R-VJ 22 That which is situated there from the ayana of the northern course.
Thus the remainder should situated there from the southern course of the
ayana. Thus, that is multiplied by two, divided by 61, plus 12 should be
the measure of the day (in muhurtas).
R-VJ 23 That which is half of the portions of the (lunar) day/tithis (15
tithis) is always in each parvan and that remainder of the season should be
known together with the reckoning of the parvans.
R-VJ 24 The rule of the doctrine of the means should determine [the
result], even from the day. Multiplied from those contained in the quantity
to be known. With the quantity from the knowledge (the result), one should
divide.
R-VJ 25 Agni, Prajapati, Soma, Rudra, Aditi, Brahaspati, Sarpas, Pitṛs ,
Bhaga, and Aryaman.
R-VJ 26 Savitri, Tvashtri, Vayu, Indra and Agni, Mitra, Indra, Nirriti,
Apa, and Vishvedevas.
R-VJ 27 Vishnu, Vasus, Varuna, Aja Ekapat, Ahirbudhnyas, Pushan, Ashvins,
and Yama
. R-VJ 28 Indeed, those deities of the nakshatras, with those in the
performance of the rituals of the person who performs or pays a priest for
the sacrifice having the knowledge of the sacred texts, one receives a name
born of the nakshatras.
R-VJ 29 Thus, Lagadha spoke the exposition of the (synodic) months, year,
muhurtas, risings, parvans, days, seasons, ayanas, and (solar) months.
R-VJ 30 A sage knowing the Veda of the course of the moon, the sun, and
the stars masters the course of the moon, the sun, and the stars; the world
in the world, and progeny.
R-VJ 31 That equinox multiplied by two, subtracted by one, and multiplied
by six. That which is obtained, those are the parvans. Thus halved, should
be that tithi.
R-VJ 32 Those are told of the five years of the yuga arriving in the waxing
of the moon during the synodic lunar month of Magha and concluding in the
waning of the moon in the month of Pausha (derived from Pushya) by the
knowledge of time.
R-VJ 33 The equinox is declared in the third day of a lunar fortnight,
ninth day of a lunar fortnight, and the day of the full moon [of the bright
fortnight]; and the 6th day of a lunar fortnight and in the 12th day of a
lunar fortnight [of the dark fortnight]. It should be repeated [once again
during the five year yuga].
R-VJ 34 As Upavasatha is arriving in the day (just after sunrise), thus it
should be the14th day of the lunar fortnight. The moon during the bright
fortnight of the synodic lunar month of Magha is joined to the year among
those in Shravishtha nakshatra a.k.a. Dhanishtha nakshatra.
R-VJ 35 As a crest of the peacocks and the gems of the serpents; just so,
in that manner is Jyotisha situated at the most prominent place of the
teachings of the branches of knowledge.
KR IRS 26622
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