Pranam
Q3 corruption: Q and A is a time pass. Corruption existed right from
Treta yuga. Artha sastra writes a lot about it.
2 Corruption cannot be eradicated; eradicated totally; may be mitigated;
corruption is infused by parents when they bribe their kids with toys and
chocolates to do things. It is a speed money. SPEED IS THE OBJECTIVE.
Avaricious need and the erroneous speed to compete are the main factors.
3 Artha sasatra:
Corruption disposes of the social environment and blocks not only social
but political, economic, cultural and psychological growth also. It
destroys the economy by diverting resources from developmental goals.
Universally, at one hand a common man dreams to become rich over a night;
at the other hand, this common man’s life is endangered because of
enforcement of dangerously raised heads of terrorism, drug-trafficking,
bomb-blasting, gun-running and etc. corruption at one place becomes a
threat of life everywhere. Corruption is a major cause of black parallel
economy and a serious threat to political and economic stability of any
country. Talking on global corruption, the third world countries are
directed by the rampant corruption of rich countries. It is clear that the
first world countries are often involved in the corruption scandals
Kautilya on corruption: In the eighth chapter of the second volume,
he had discussed corruption. Basically, the Sanskrit word bhrash conveys
the sense of corruption better. It means failed, strayed, or deviated from,
separated from, deprived of, expelled or turned out from, decayed, lost,
vicious, and depraved. According to Kautilya, human nature poses
corruption. It is the human psyche. He said that it is impossible not to
taste the honey that is found at the trip of the tongue. So it is
impossible for a government servant not to eat up at least a bit of the
King’s revenue. The government servant employed by the government can
never locate corruption. The level of corruption is steady and maybe there
could have been marginal fluctuations.
In support he said that the servants are like fish in water. No one can
tell when fish drink water or how many water fish drink or whether they
drink or not-the rule is applied to the government servant also. No one
can tell when the servants do corruption; up to what extent it is
done-always are unanswerable questions. Both the examples; i.e. honey and
fish are relevant today also. Kautilya's thoughts make it clear that
corruption existed in those days also. Because government property was also
the king's personal property also, it was limited. A corrupt person was
punished strictly so that there was a fear in the minds of the corrupt.
What is different is that in those days corrupt was seen as a criminal and
today corrupt is given a status, prestige in society.
Corruption has become a fashion. There is no fright among the corrupt.
He afterwards focused on the ways of corruption and its remedies. He had
illustrated forty ways of corruption. To gist those, practices and acts
that can be termed corrupt such as, causing loss of government, misuse of
government property, misappropriation of revenue, falsification of
documents, inequality in work, false budgeting, inequality in price,
weight, numbering, and quality of the production, obstruction in lawful
process, exploiting public, corrupting the officials, embezzlement, taking
bribe, failure of expenditure under work, false measurement, allocating
expenditure under wrong heads, cheating with weight7 etc. Today all these
acts and ways exist. After giving the ways of corruption, Kautilya has
enlisted the reasons
. According to Kautilya, the administrative officers are lust for
wealth. Wine and women are their attractions. The bad habit of wine and
woman enforces for corrupt practices. Secondly he stressed on the payment
of the public servants. Kautilya posited that public servants are paid less
than their duties. This causes them to support for fraud. Kautilya
suggested appointing an officer (Guptehera) to look after them but it was
observed that they themselves were involved in the corrupt practices
because they were also paid less. He suggested keeping these Guptehera
directly under King.
Remedies on corruption Kautilya suggests :
1) Psychology or mental set up of the corrupt officers should be changed so
that itn should be eliminated forever.
2) To prevent and control corrupt practices and officers, law should be
followed strictly.
3) In corruption cases, all the concerned senior or junior officers in that
particular department should be checked. The non-corrupt supporter of
corruption should also be treated as corrupt-hiding a crime of corruption
is another crime.
4) Working procedures of the officers should be supervised regularly. For
that purpose a special supervisory officer should be appointed. This
supervisor must be continuously in contact with the king so that the king
should know about malpractices taking place in the department.
5) In collection of revenue and other cesses, if there should be any
difference, the concerned officer or public servants should be enquired
immediately.
6) The public servants should be transferred continuously from one
department to another so that they should not get a chance to make
corruption boldly in any new department.
7) There should be an ‘Information Organization’. The informer should
inform the king about corruption in any department. A person who is working
as an Informer should keep it undisclosed.
8 A corrupt officer should be punished by dundas, transfer and as per
religious faiths.
9) Kautilya suggested strict dundas to the corrupt; e.g. supporters of
corruption should be given danda similar to a corrupt officer-that is, a
corrupt officer has to pay full amount how much is fraud even though only
half amount should be fraud. (e.g., if a person had made fraud of 100 panas
(Currency) out of 500 panas, he/she must give a danda of 500 panas.) If
only half the amount will prove as fraud, the informer should be given
reward; but if the information provided proves wrong, the informer will be
punished by mrityudanada or in terms of money. Finally the property of a
corrupt officer should be sealed and converted into government property.
10) The corrupt should be given punishment in the form of money or jail.
It should depend upon the amount of fraud.
11) A corrupt person and his crime should be disclosed publicly so that no
other person would make a shameful deed. These are the remedies suggested
by Kautilya.
Relevance of Today’s Remedies Today, to control the virus of
corruption only a way remains is strong participation and willingness of
the corrupt. In the ancient days, corruption was treated as sin. If today
we will change the psyche of a fraudster that he/she is doing bad or wrong,
then we will get clean office bearers. If a person decides and tries to
avoid corrupt ways, it will become a mob mentality to not do bad things as
Kautilya had suggested. His second remedy is also notable. Today there are
Laws and Acts to prevent corruption but there is a huge absence of
awareness as well as utilization of those. As per Kautilya, if the Laws
will follow strictly, corruption-free society will not far away. According
to him, to hide a crime is another crime- if a witness of corrupt practices
will also be punished, then no person will support corrupt and corruption.
Like Kautilya’s ‘Information Organization’ today we have the Central
Vigilance Commission, Lokayukta and very recently Lokpal. Off course,
effective practices by - all these machineries are necessary. A good
suggestion by him is strict dandas or punishment to the corrupt. Punishment
should be as strict as another person will be afraid to do the wrong deeds.
Recovery of ten percent of bribe will prove a fine remedy to attack the
corrupt. Another suggestion regarding imprisonment is also okay. Disclosing
names is well.
4 Unless the people who wish corruption shall be eradicated must
become the whistle blowers unafraid of anything. An individual may be
afraid of; but a mass is a force to reckon with; but where injustice is not
condemned openly byeven iyers and brahmins, dreaming about eradication of
corruption might be an utopia. KR IRS 19722
On Tue, 19 Jul 2022 at 05:05, 'gopala krishnan' via Thatha_Patty <
[email protected]> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 07-2022-19*
>
> *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS*
>
> Q1 Where does an airplane toilet go when you flush it?
>
> A1 Nitin S, Lives in California (2000–present)Jul 10
>
> On a long-haul 747 flight, each passenger visits the lavatory an average
> of 2.4 times, producing 870 liters of waste - almost the volume of a
> four-person hot tub.
>
> *That's a lot of unwanted material, and it takes a miracle of engineering
> to handle it all.*
>
> This is where the airplane toilet flush comes in.
>
> Today, these toilets do not work with a classic siphon and water.
>
> *As early as 1982, aircraft began installing a new model of toilet with a
> non-stick bowl that uses a blue substance called Skykem to replace water
> and powerful vacuum suction that leaves little or nothing in the bowl.*
>
> The Skykem helps kill odors and sanitize the bowl. In addition, *vacuum
> toilets use much less water than siphon toilets* and are much lighter and
> can be installed in several ways, making them more fuel and space
> efficient, two things to consider. of paramount importance on airplanes.
>
> When you flush, a hatch in the base of the toilet opens and Skykem liquid
> fills the bowl. The loud roar you hear when you flush the toilet is not the
> noise caused by a trap door opening to the outside, as many people think*.
> It's just the sound of vacuum suction, like a big vacuum cleaner.*
>
> Once it has been sucked up through the hole in the bowl, *the waste
> travels through the pipes to the rear of the aircraft and ends up in a tank
> that can only be accessed from outside the aircraft*. Even if they wanted
> to, the pilots could not empty this tank during the flight.
>
> The tank is emptied by special tank trucks once the aircraft is on the
> ground. The trucks attach a hose to the plane and suck up the waste. Once
> the aircraft's tank has been emptied, it is cleaned with a disinfectant.
>
> *My note- During boyhood days we used to talk of toilet emptying while
> crossing sea or rural areas/large lakes* while the aircraft was flying. I
> am not sure whether such arrangement was there or just funny talk.
>
> Q2 Why is corn considered good for losing weight?
>
> A2 Lucia Garcia,Worked at Hospitals Thu
>
> Corn is recognized as the "golden crop" in the world, and 1/3 of the
> world's population consumes corn as the staple food.
>
> *Corn is rich in nutrients and is very suitable for people who lose
> weight.*
>
> The weight loss effect of corn is mainly due to its High Content of
> Resistant Starch (RS) and Dietary Fiber.
>
> Corn starch content is as high as 70% to 75%, of which resistant starch is
> about 60%.
>
> Resistant starch is a special starch that cannot be digested and absorbed
> by the small intestine, but directly enters the large intestine, becoming a
> food source for probiotics.
>
> *Resistant starch can slow down the digestive process, keep you full for
> longer, and effectively oxidize body fat.*
>
> *Studies have shown that long-term intake of 20 grams to 30 grams per day
> of resistant starch can reduce body fat by about 30% to 40%.*
>
> *In addition, 100 grams of corn contains about 2.9 grams of dietary fiber*.
> Dietary fiber can promote intestinal peristalsis, speed up metabolism, and
> reduce fat absorption and accumulation.
>
> Q3 Which institution has been successful in reducing corruption
> in India, and why?
>
> A3 D D Rishi, Former IRS | Advocate | LL. M.,Ph.D. (Law) | Thu
>
> *In my view, Indian Railways has been most successful in reducing
> corruption to a large extent.* About 20 years back when reservation
> system was manual, booking clerk will ask for some extra money for every
> booking. ***Those who did not want to pay were told that no seats were
> left. On trains also, there was large scale corruption where TTEs sold
> seats at their own rates.
>
> *All this is now a matter of the past. It all happened due to use of
> information technology* in reservation systems that the corruption has
> been reduced tremendously.
>
> My note- *** As I know from age 18, in south India such incidents were
> rare. But few TTE were corrupt before IT processing of ticket issue,
> clearing RAC etc. But only problem is a man/woman aged 75 is allotted upper
> birth in tatkal and a young man allotted lower birth. We elders requested
> these youngsters for lower birth, and at least 80% oblidge.
>
> Q4 What are the significant benefits of staying at Sterling
> holidays Resorts?
>
> A4 Amit,Apr 26
>
> I have stayed at six properties of Sterling in the last 4 years.. Here is
> what we benefitted from all our stays at various Sterling properties.. *Please
> note that these are my family's personal opinion. So, take it with a pinch
> of salt.*
>
> 1) Excellent location: This stood out for me as a major plus. Some of the
> views are stunning. Their Kodai-Lake resort is actually on the Kodai Lake.
> Their Yercaud resort is on the cliff edge with amazing views and their Puri
> resort is located where a river meets the sea!
>
> 2) Choices of Resorts: There are over 35 resorts to choose from across
> India. We were spoilt for choices between mountains, beaches, river side
> and jungles.
>
> 3) Good Customer Service: Overall I was impressed with the way we were
> treated. There was one instance we were unhappy but they quickly resolved
> the issues to our satisfaction.
>
> 4) Range of Food: If you are dieting, don't go here :) The food selection
> is amazing and the taste is delicious. This is the experience we had across
> all the 6 resorts we stayed in.
>
> 5) Holiday Activities: Kids will have enough and more activities to keep
> themselves busy. There are tours arranged for adults as well.
>
> 6) Ambience: Each of the six properties we visited were impeccably
> maintained and the lawns well manicured.
>
> This month, we have booked our stay at Sterling Munnar (our 7th property)
> an we are looking forward.
>
> *My note- I have stayed in Munnar sterling ,* arranged by my son in law
> with all family members for three days. He has purchased shares.
>
> Q5 How many different colors of rice are there?
>
> A5 Gautham Sampath,Knows Tamil Jul 3
>
> *I am very sure there are 6 types of colors of rice which I have eaten
> because coming from Tamil* Nadu, a state that grows different types of
> rice and the staple food is rice.( Not sure if there are more colors)
>
> These rice varieties are not just different in colour but also tastes
> different and many traditional dishes are done.
>
> *These 6 types of varities are only available in certain countries and
> India being one in that.*
>
> As South Indians have rice has staple diet and as rice is grown in plenty
> in Southern India, dishes made in these type of rice are popular here.
>
> The rice variety that is shown in the above pic are as follows
>
> Kai Kuthal arisi( Brown rice)- One of the traditional rice varities of
> Tamil Nadu, this rice is said to be having high fiber content and also
> helps in digestion.
>
> Seeraga Samba arisi.( White rice)-Having TamilNadu as native, Seeraga
> Samba (Seera) is the most expensive rice grown. Its a common rice used for
> cooking and widely used to make Biriyanis.
>
> Kavuni arisi( Black rice)- This rice grows in the Chettinad region of
> Tamil nadu and is known to a royal rice as the klings of Japan and China
> were told to be secectly eating this rice. This rice is mainy used to
> make some special dishes and sweets in the Tamil cuisione.
>
> *Moongil arisi ( Bamboo rice-Green rice).- Bamboo* rice is not the same
> as rice that we eat. It is aromatic, short-grain rice produced from
> bamboo seeds. The pale green seeds have a sticky texture and leafy bamboo
> flavour. *Its told that bamboo rice has medicinal properties for the cure
> of Asthma and other respiratory diseases*.
>
> *Palakkad Matta arisi .( Red rice)- Mainly eaten by* Malayalis and also
> grown in the Coimbatore region of Tamil Nadu, its a famous rice . Its told
> that Matta rice was popular in rich familes and even among the Kings of
> Cholas and Cheras and the poor sections didnt have access to this rice in
> ancient times.
>
> *Mapillai samba arisi( Reddish brown rice)- Mapillai* means groom in
> Tamil and thus this rice is specially *given to newly marries groom* as
> its believed that *the rice is good for testoterone and also this rice
> can be eaten for weight loss*.
>
> Not just that , these 6 varieties are way more healthier than other types
> of rice.
>
> Q6 Do you absolutely need an air conditioner to survive in a
> house in an extreme heatwave?
>
> A6 Gopala Krishnan,Former Assistant General Manager 1996-2004 at
> Department of Telecom (1966–2004)Just now
>
> I am 78 and writing from Chennai, India. Normally it is a hot place.
> During summer it is very hot. Before the fans were affordable to the common
> people, most people slept in the veranda which is open to street, or local
> brick plane roof top which is/was open to cool air. The houses were locked
> and people slept in roof top or veranda.
>
> My home is Kerala. During summer we opened windows and slept in halls. It
> is not as hot as Chennai in summer.
>
> When fans became affordable, most slept in rooms fans switched ON and
> windows open. Even after people became affordable to air conditioners, for
> the high cost of electric power many have their siesta, switching OFF air
> conditioner and use only in night. Even in night, nowadays many switch OFF
> AC after room is cooled to some extent. Air-conditioner is common in the
> last two decades only in homes of middle class people.
>
> Q7 Why don’t Indian people have to carry their passport in india?
>
> A7 Arun Visvanathan, Former Commander at Indian Navy
> (1970–1990)Jul 4
>
> Most Indians don’t have passports.
>
> This is not a police state. Why should we carry passports? You only need
> to provide identification when applying for some service and besides
> passports, there are many alternative identification documents which are
> acceptable.
>
> PS. *When I left the Indian Navy and joined the Merchant Navy, the MMD
> wouldn’t accept my passport as proof of date of birth*. They wanted to
> see my school leaving certificate issued nearly 25 years earlier and which
> I hadn’t seen. Fortunately, this was in Chennai so I called my mother and
> she had it.
>
> Q8 Are humans better than animals at anything besides
> intelligence or smarter?
>
> A8 Claire Jordan, Degree in biology and folklore; programmer,
> shop owner, secretary on newspaper Wed
>
> Humans are a type of animal. I’m not sure if there’s anything we’re *best*
> at aside from intelligence, language skills and manual dexterity, but there
> are things we’re certainly good at. We have very good colour vision for a
> vertebrate, and we’re very good at steady, medium-fast endurance running.
> We climb and jump and swim quite well. We’re not the absolute best at these
> things, but we’re unusual in being able to do all of them fairly well. For
> example, wolves are very good at long patient pursuit, and faster than us
> in a dash, but they’re crap at climbing trees. A leopard could outclimb us
> any day but they don’t have stamina. We’re basically good at being Jack of
> all trades, master of a few.
>
> Q9 Why can't we taste the pesticides that are in our food?
>
> A9 Alice Twain,Eating and cooking for 40 years. Jul 9
>
> Usually because they are not there. First of all, most commonly *pesticides
> are not “injected” in the food, they just sit on the surface.*
>
> These are cherries.
>
> Cherries grow on cherry trees. The trees get sprayed with pesticides if
> there is a sign of infestation that may kill them or eat the cherries.
> There is no guarantee that they will always be, as some farmers opt to
> spray them preemptively, while others prefer to wait to see if there is any
> sign of infestation before spraying the trees, so if no infestation occurs
> the trees don’t get sprayed.
>
> Most countries forbid using pesticides in the last week or two before the
> fruits or vegetables are picked, so most of the pesticides wash away with
> the rain or just deactiveta naturally.
>
> After having been picked, the cherries get washed a first time in the
> plant. It’s one of the usual processes before being packaged (they also
> get sorted and graded). If there is any pesticide left, it gets washed away.
>
> *After you buy the cherries, before eating them you usually give them a
> further wash under the tap,* which removes any residues may have been
> missed by the first wash.
>
> All fruits and vegetables go through essentially the same procedures, so *by
> the time you eat them, they have essentially no pesticides left.*
>
> Q10 Unlike CPU and laptops, phones don't have a fan to cool
> them down after heating, so how they do it? Or there is no mechanism for
> them?
>
> A10 Naga Vara Prasad, Electronics engineer2y
>
> Nice question.
>
> *First of all smartphones doesn’t require a fan.* Because the power
> consumption in smartphones is less. It is because the *smartphones
> processors are meant for power efficiency*. As the power consumption is
> less heat dissipation is also less when compared to PCs. To know more
> scroll till the end.
>
> *Why do we use a fan in CPUs ?*
>
> Unlike smartphones, PCs or laptops consume more power due to the intensive
> tasks we throw at it. *Did you ever experienced the sound of fan when
> using MS Excel or word? Definitely not. *It is because they are not as
> intensive as playing games. What happens when CPU is exposed high end
> tasks? Simple it gets hot. As we know every electronic component uses
> energy and loses some of it in the form of heat. If the temperature reaches
> too high then it limits performance so that it can cool down. And this
> limited performance is noticeable. *Not everyone can bare this, so to
> compensate this (heating) problem fans are used - so that the CPU runs on
> it’s maximum frequency.*
>
> * “why don’t smartphones have a cooling fan?”*
>
> Actually smartphones doesn’t require that because *the processor used
> here is not as powerful as that of PCs* and the heat dissipation from
> these processors is less compared to Desktops or PCs. The reason being is,
> In a smartphone the space required for assembling its own parts is less
> where as the laptops are huge, so plenty of space is left. To design a
> processor for a smartphone the dimensions of that should be small. To make
> it happen in the fabrication process they should use very tiny transistors
> and fit as many as possible. *You might have heard 28nm processor or 14nm
> or 7nm processor. It indicates the distance between the channel in a
> transistor*. So the channel distance is small and overall the space
> occupied by the processor is less compared to the PCs. As they are small
> the heat dissipation is also less (once again compared to the PCs).
>
> *This is why we don’t require a cooling fan in smartphones. **Now you
> might have a doubt “Then* why do smartphones heat up?” As I said they
> produce heat which is less compared to the heat produced by the laptops.
> Why? It depends on the type (of the processor) it belongs to. Processors
> used in smartphones are based on ARM which is based on RISC - (Reduced
> instruction set computer) architecture. *Processors used in laptops or
> PCs are based on CISC - (Complex instruction set computer).* As the name
> suggests the main difference between these two is the number of
> instructions it performs. The operations performed by RISC processor is
> less compared to CISC to attain the speed at which we don’t feel it as
> slow. As it performs less operations the efficiency is more which in turn
> consumes less power. So the heat dissipation is less.
>
> *We know bulky computers- PCs and laptops exist which consume a lot of
> Energy*. A typical laptop consists of 60Ah battery. But simultaneously
> there exist single-board computers like Raspberry pi which can run similar
> laptop OS like Ubuntu and it consumes power similar to smartphones (10W).
> Although Raspberry pi isn't as powerful as a PC , here I’m comparing the
> power consumption.
>
> Coming to your other questions
>
> “How do they cool down the CPU?”
>
> *There are some ways to cool down a processor other than fan i.e.
> Limiting the operations performed by the CPU itself:*
>
> As the temperature rises the software limits the frequency of CPU which is
> also called as *CPU throttling. *Here we may observe the slow down. To
> know more you may refer this: Does heating affect the performance of a
> phone?
>
> *2. Using liquid cooling (heat sink):*
>
> To know more you may refer this: Does liquid cooling in mobile phones
> really help bring down its temperature?
>
> *“Or there is no mechanism for them?”*
>
> Fitting a fan in a smartphone is a bit difficult, as the space is limited.
> This is also one of the reasons why we don't have a fan in smartphones. But
> still Nubia managed to do that. They released a gaming smartphone Nubia Red
> Magic 3. This smartphone is equipped with an internal fan.
>
> My note- Present day Laptops are light weight, does not heat up even 25%
> of the earlier laptops in 2004’s. *While going on tour work Laptops were
> given to us for work*. Later period it was issued to all class ! officers
> of BSNL.
>
> *All the above QA are from Quora website on 18-07- 2022.*
>
> *Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers .*
>
> *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 19-07-2022*
>
>
>
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