Q1 *BARLEY IS FOOD THEN AND NOW*
The names of grain found in the Rig-Veda the word yava, which in
modern Sanskrit implies barley only, was used in the Veda to imply barley
in many formats if yagna. And the word *dhana* implies in the Rig-Veda
fried barley, which was used as food and offered to the gods. We also find
mention of various kinds of cakes prepared from these grains and used as
food and offered to the gods. The term *pakti* (from pack, to cook, or to
prepare) means prepared cakes, and various other terms, such as
*purodasa* (sacrificial
cake), *apupa* (cake), and *karambha* (barley groats), are also used.
2 Barley is primarily a cereal grain popularly known as” jau” in
India. It is the fourth most important cereal crop after rice, wheat and
maize. It's converted into malt to use for various food preparations. Barley
is widely used for food and fodder. Major uses of barley are in the beer
industry, food processing and feed manufacturing industries. With the
rising demand for beer, the demand for barley is also picking up. Also,
more than 90% of the world malt production comes from barley. Globally,
some of the major producers of barley are the European Union, Russia,
Ukraine, Canada, Australia and USA, forming about 75% of the world
production. In India, the production has been quite stable with Rajasthan
and Uttar Pradesh forming the largest producers of it. Saudi Arabia is the
largest importer of barley in the world. In terms of derivatives trading,
it's the second mostly traded coarse cereal after corn in the global
market. The Winnipeg Commodity Exchange (Canada) and Sofia Commodity
exchange (Bulgaria) are the most prominent exchanges for Barley trade
wherein trading unit is in MT (metric ton). In India, it is mainly traded
on MCX in units of 10 metric tonnes. Domestic hubs like Kota, Ramganj
mandi and Baran in Rajasthan are important determinates for spot rates.
Prices of this are affected by price of other coarse cereals. The
government of India provides MSP for barley.
3 The main difference between barley and oats is that *barley is a
primary crop grown as a cereal grass whereas oats are a secondary crop
derived from a weed of primary cereal grasses such as wheat and barley*.
Furthermore, the grains of barley are arranged in a spike while oats grow
as small florets.
4 If one reads Rigveda, one cannot miss noting the word dhana,
which according to Sanskrit dictionaries means rice. Words such as dhana
(IV.24.7), dhanaa (I.16.2), and dhanya (V.53.13) are found in Rigveda,
and all these have been interpreted as the words for cereals in general.
Susruta, a sage of the ancient era and whose work is described later,
recognizes only rice as dhanya (also supported by Monier-Williams, 1872)
and others as kudhanya, lesser or minor cereals. Charaka, who lived before
Susruta, also gave much more details about rice than wheat. Sayanacharya
(1400 AD) of Vijayanagar, in his commentary on Rigveda (I.16.2) uses the
word tandula, which, most scholars agree, means rice (Sontakke and
Kashikar, 1983). I have highlighted some of the ruchas (verses) from
Rigveda (RV) below for the purpose of discussion.
1.16. 2 *RV: *ima *dhaanah *ghrutasnuwo hari ihop’ vakshatah|Indre
sukhatame rathe|
*Sayana: *|*dhaanah bhrashtya yavatandulanuddish’ *sukhatame rathe Indram
avasthapya … This verse has the word dhaanah that could mean roasted rice
or barley (Apte,1965), though Amarsimha (c. 200 BC) mentions dhaanah as
roasted barley. In fact the commentary of Sayanacharya mentions both yava
and tandula. Why? If it was roasted barley only, dhaanah and yava would
have been adequate. The word tandula normally means rice grain that is
ready for cooking.
3.56.3 *Sayana: *prajavana|prakarshena jaayant iti *vrihyadyaaha p r a j a
h *| p u r u d h n a n a p r a k a re n avidyaman*vrihiyavadi*rupaprajavaan|
*bahuvrihau *‘udhaso s nang’ …
The above quote is from the commentary of Sayanacharya. The word vrihi
appears at three places. Translators have interpreted vrihi and bahuvrihi
as barley, wheat, etc. but not rice (Sharma, 1991). Why?
4.24.7 *RV: *ya Indraya sunvatsomamadya pachatpktirut bhrujyati
*dhaanah*| *Sayana:
*Tatha yah paktihi paktavyanshchya *purodashadin *pachat pachet pachanam
kuryat|uta api cha yah *dhanah bharjanyogyan yavan| *Even if we concede
dhanah as roasted barley, the word purodasha in Sayanacharya’s commentary
should make us wonder if the word dhanah meant rice.
5 Archaeologists discovered seed imprints of naked six-rowed barley
at Mehrgarh in Baluchistan (now in Pakistan), which were dated between 7000
and 6500 BC (Mehra, 2007). Barley, according to European translators, was
the staple cereal for Vedic people. Barley production is high in India
and exported to USA for Beer; eaten as food; quintal costs Rs 3000 today.
We eat barley indirectly. Barley water is so good for good urination and
cleansing of the body; since 1955 tyo my best of knowledge I am taking
barley water and boiled barley with the Milk. Hence hearsay quacks will not
make 4th in India product as useless. KR IRs 19922
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Q3 NUTS. haddock gets funny with the Q. First of all what is a STAPLE
FOOD?. A staple
<https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/staple> food,
product, or activity is one that is basic
<https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/basic> and important
in people's everyday
<https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/everyday> lives.Staple
is also a noun <https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/noun>.
*One serving equals approximately 30 grams – or 1/3 of a cup (or one
handful)*. Since all nuts have a similar nutrient content, a wide variety
of nuts can be included as part of a healthy diet. This equals about: 30
almonds.As needed every day NUTs are also a staple food. But 30 nut can
yield only A nut yield greater fat and caarb plus 17% protein and each
nut may give 25 calories and a cup normal about 175 calories; the body
needs daily 2500 to 3500 calories; so one may have to eat just 100 to 150
nuts everyday. Can be done. But taste bud is different. Rishis did such
foods while on the meditations. As a desire machine, we have to eat
varieties. Thus if one can survive on 100 to 150 nuts only (any nut) as a
squirrel can survive still.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Q6 Diabetes cannot be reversed unless at a stage when onset is
suspected like gestational , beginning etc when Insulin in the body just
drops. By 3 gunas it can be controlled where the reading will be normal. It
is not even a reduction even. It is controlled. Even if this question is
repeated 1008 times as being done here as a R I still what some one
marketing says , will not become a VEDA. Instead of worrying about this
after 30 to 40years in running , why do you remember the last signs?.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Q 10 My note- If we look at any photographs/pictures of of people
before 3-4 generations, we could see they were more shorter and facial
appearance vary very much to the present/ past generation. HASTY
GENERALISATION AND A STUPID DEDUCTION; RAMA WAS 8 FEET AND PRESENTLY ONLY
AVERAGE HEIGHT IS 6. cAN WE SAY rAMA USED LONG BED AND WE SHORTER ONES?.
eARLIER GENERATION LEAD THE LIFE FRUGALLY AND WE HAVE A LOT OF BLACK MONEY
THROW AWAY. WELL EARNERNERS WILL NOT SPEND ERRATICALLY. THIS IS NOT HASTY
GENERALISATION BECAUSE, MANY WHO EARN OUTSIDE THEIR OFFICE ALONE SPEND SO
MUCH. YESTERDAY THERE WAS NEEYA NAANA SAREE PURCHASE WHO SAID (ORDY WOMEN
WORKING NORMALLY) HAVING 1329 SAREES. MANY ARE LIKE THAT. UNLESS GETTING
WRONG INCOME OR EASY BORROWALS OR USE OF THE CREDIT CARDS ONE CANNOT AFFORD
TO SPEND ERRATICALLY FOR NOTHING. KR IRS 19922
On Mon, 19 Sept 2022 at 06:13, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <
[email protected]> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 09-2022-19*
>
> *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS*
>
> Q1 Why don't people eat barley anymore? It used to be a
> popular source of food in ancient times.
>
> A1 Matt Riggsby, MA Archaeology, Boston University Fri
>
> *Some people do*. I can and very occasionally do go to grocery stores
> around the city where I live and pick up things like cans of beef and
> barley soup or just boxes of dried barley ready for cooking.
>
> *That said, barley has fallen out of popularity as a grain for eating*.
> It’s the fourth most grown grain in the world, but nearly all of it is
> used as animal feed or the basis for beer.
>
> Barley’s main advantage historically is that it was much hardier than
> wheat. It would produce more grain under worse conditions, and at a time
> when just getting enough to eat was a challenge, that was a huge advantage.
> However, improving agricultural technology has changed that. *We’ve
> gotten much better at growing wheat, which is much more versatile (pasta,
> superior breads, etc.),* and it seem like most people just prefer the
> flavor of wheat, so that has largely eclipsed barley, much as better
> techniques for *growing rice have led it to displacing the millet which
> was once the standard grain in large parts of Asia*
>
> *My note- I read else where during srardha barley rice was used at one
> time.*
>
> Q2 What is the average travel time by train from Paris to
> Brussels?
>
> A2 Nicholas Stone ,Life long interest in trains. Thu
>
> Average travel times by train from Paris to Brussels have improved since I
> first travelled between the two.
>
> *In August 1987, I first travelled by train between the two cities - a
> journey of around 3 hours.* On this route, trains used traditional
> rolling stock - with an electric locomotive hauling passenger carriages -
> with a top speed of 160 km/h.
>
> *The two cities are now linked by a dedicated high speed line, allowing a
> top speed of 300 km/h.* The line opened in stages, with planning consent
> confirmed in September 1989. A partial service was inaugurated in May 1993,
> followed by more new lines in 1997 and a new approach viaduct into Brussels
> Midi station in 2006.
>
> *During the working day, there are often departures every 30 minutes
> between the two cities*. With all construction works now finished, trains
> cover the 307 km/h between Paris and Brussels in just 82 minutes -
> averaging 225 km/h.
>
> In their striking livery, Thalys trains speedily connect Paris, Brussels
> and other European cities. In April 2022, Thalys and Eurostar merged - with
> the new company 55% owned by French state railway operator SNCF.
>
> Q3 Why did wheat become a staple food in human history instead
> of nuts, for example?
>
> A3 Steven Haddock, Studied at York University (Canada)Sep 12
>
> *Nuts grow on these things-This is a pistachio tree*. It takes about 50
> years between the time you cultivate it and it produces nuts. It requires
> an immense amount of water. *Moreover, most nut trees have poisonous nuts
> - it takes generations of cultivating varieties that aren’t poisonous*.
> We still haven’t managed that with oaks, which produce huge amounts of
> nuts, none of which are edible to humans. Moreover, trees are susceptible
> to diseases. *Wild chestnuts were common in the U.S. northeast, producing
> millions of pounds of edible nuts a year until they were all wiped out by a
> blight.*
>
> *Wheat, on the other hand. can be planted and matures in a few months.*
> Each seed planted gives you 32 in return (the result of choosing varieties
> in ancient times that produced more seeds). It’s easier to harvest. *Once
> harvested, it can be stored for years in the right conditions*. *It
> provides more calories per mass than nuts.* It can get by on less water
> as long as there’s lots of sun. It’s also very space intensive - even in
> olden times, you could easily harvest 40 bushels of wheat per acre. Where
> the climate is right, you can harvest two crops a year.
>
> That’s why most of the world’s food crops are grasses - wheat, rye, rice,
> corn, barley, oats and many others. They thrive in tight packed conditions
> .
>
> Q4 Is there any way to prevent clothes from shrinking after
> washing them at home (cotton)?
>
> A4 Gopala Krishnan, Former Assistant General Manager 1996-2004
> at Department of Telecom (1966–2004)Just now
>
> *Whether the question is about wrinkles or reducing in size?* Quality
> cotton will not shrink in size. Politicians usually wear white cotton
> clothes. Most people in India wear cotton loose clothes while in Homes. *Those
> who are having less height really desire dhotis with less width.*
>
> Wrinkles can be reduced if clothes are dried after washing with some care.
> After washing and drying in washing machine, wrinkles are natural. *If
> these wrinkles are removed by properly spreading the clothes and put on
> clothesline on full drying wrinkles will be very less*. Ironing can
> remove the wrinkles fully.
>
> Q5 Which is the most overrated and underrated Indian city?
>
> A5 Sanjay, Lives in India Thu
>
> I have lived in 7 different cities in India and in my opinion the most
> overrated city is Ahmedabad (Gujarat) for below mentioned reasons.
>
> If you are north or south Indian then food is going to be a big issue.
>
> In Gujarat they use Sugar in almost everything.
>
> *Ahmedabad is no more a peaceful city.*
>
> For the people who waits for weekend there is not much to do in Ahmedabad.
>
> Ahmedabad is getting crowded with every passing day.
>
> Ahmedabad is no where close to Mysore, Indore , Chandigarh and Bhopal in
> terms of cleanliness.
>
> Note : people in Ahmedabad are very helpful.
>
> Most underrated city in my opinion is Indore :
>
> Indore is one of cleanest city in India.
>
> There are various options to eat out for anyone coming out of any part of
> India.
>
> Indore is very well developed in terms of Infrastructure.
>
> It gives you feeling of both a Metro and a small town.
>
> I really miss Chappan, and Sarrafa.
>
> There is enough for everyone and something of everything.Those who wants
> at Weekend won't get disappointed.People call this city Mini Mumbai for a
> reason.
>
> Q6 What kind of fruits should diabetics eat since most fruits
> contain sugar?
>
> A6 Edith Montgomery, Lives in Istanbul12h
>
> As we all know, diet therapy is the basic treatment for diabetes. Diabetes
> patients should have a balanced diet to ensure stable blood sugar and pay
> attention to nutrition.
>
> *For those who are finding a way to reverse type 2 diabetes without taking
> more pills, drugs or insulin shots,... you should check this tips*
>
> *My note- Nowadays many use the word reverse instead of reduce.*
>
> I have got good results with it. By following that guide within 3 weeks my
> blood sugar has come down to normal range, I have lost excess weight, I
> have all kinds of energy and I don't take insulin !
>
> People with diabetes can eat fruits with a low glycemic index (GI).
>
> *Fruits with low glycemic index (GI) include dragon fruit, strawberry,
> peach, grapefruit, apricot, olive, star fruit, papaya, etc.*
>
> *But all fruits contain sugar. If the condition is severe and blood sugar
> is unstable, it is best not to eat fruits.*
>
> Q7 Is there any country that is far away from yours, but has
> similar food habits or dishes?
>
> A7 Samir Chellan, Former IT Professional (1992–2019)Updated 3y
>
> Mexico and India
>
> *Yes… Both Mexicans and Indians have similar looks and both love spicy
> food too.*
>
> Here are some foods I thought tasted and looked the same.
>
> *Tortilla and Chapati*
>
> Bet you can’t say the difference.
>
> *Sweet Coconut Tamales and Ela Ada* (Prepared in some South Indian
> states) . They are cooked alike and tastes almost the same. Both are
> prepared with rice paste and sweet coconut stuffing.
>
> *Tostada and Pappadam/Pappad*. Only tostada is made with corn and
> pappadam/pappad with black gram flour.
>
> (Thanks, User-12199895843878580856. *Just found out some Colombian dishes
> which are very Indian :)*
>
> *Cocadas and Coconut ladoos*
>
> *Aroz con leche and Paal Kanji or Paal Payasam or* Indian Kheer
>
> *Empanadas (cornmeal) and Samosas (wheat)* (potato filling) or Gujiyas or
> Karanji
>
> *Patacones and Banana Chips (Ethakka Upperi or* KayaVaruthathu - South
> India,mostly Kerala)…..
>
> Q8 Do trams and trains use the same tracks?
>
> A8 Judith Willothewisp, Profoundly deaf, partly sighted,
> mother of four, PhD17h
>
> Oh, good question actually. Generally speaking NO.
>
> Trams in Europe do not share tracks with heavy rail services. *Trams have
> a standard axle load of typically 10 to 13 tonnes*. Trams use
> light-weight rail which would be damaged by heavy rail trains which have a
> typical axle load of 44.5 tonnes.
>
> *Many trams do not use standard UIC track gauge, many city trams use 1
> meter gauge*, so no chance of sharing there, unless you use dual-gauge
> track, which is no long in favour. I have seen dual gauge tracks in a
> couple of places in Switzerland, but for two different tram systems.
>
> *The situation become a a bit more complex when one asks the question “do
> trains and light rail lines share the same tracks?”*
>
> *Yes they can as long as the tracks operated on are laid to heavy rail
> standard*. There would also be other things to consider such as the
> loading gauge regarding OLE (Ovehead Line Equipment), Electrical to
> signalling system interaction and interference, signalling system and
> sighting, two-way radio system intereference.E
>
> *I know of one place herein the Netherlands where Heavy Rail (Frieght) and
> Light Rail metro share tracks.* It is on the old Hoekse Lijn between
> Schiedam (Rotterdam West) and Hoek van Holland. This was a former heavy
> rail line connected to the port at Hoeke van Holland, an important link to
> the UK. Not many realise that for decades this route was important for
> freight produce, military movements and diplomatic personnel. Sleeper
> passenger trains linked the port (ships from England) to Poland and Moscow,
> to Basel and in winter to Chur. The line also served a number of port and
> industrial facilities along the line, principally at Maasluis and
> Vlaardingen Vulcanhaven. with cheap air travel passenger numbers on the
> line dropped, except for local inter urban services. *As the metro
> network expanded out of growing Rotterdam the transit authority RER
> approached Dutch Railways and a plan was made to convert the line to become
> part of the very efficient RER networ*k, expanding the line right down to
> the popular beach at the Hoek. The lines industrial customers are served by
> freight trains at night, but using the same tracks. The heavy rail connects
> to the national network just before Schiedam Station.
>
> *How do I know all this, despite being a girl? My dad was a rail engineer
> before being a farmer who had* only daughters. He taught us all about
> these things. I still love trains…..
>
> Q9 Why don't wild animals attack a safari vehicle filled with
> humans?
>
> A9 Info Orb, Answered byMathew P. Vanderburg Updated Jul 24
>
> One day, I was in an open safari vehicle, sitting very close to watch a
> fully grown leopard, *the guide suddenly opened the door and got out of
> the vehicle. The leopard's attitude immediately changed. Hearing the
> guide's rustling footsteps in the grass, the leopard went from being
> completely relaxed and ignoring us, to suddenly getting angry. Very scary.*
>
> Suddenly the leopard jumped up and made one swift jump ... to disappear
> into the bushes.
>
> *He didn't attack us and instead ran*
>
> Open safari vehicles have no protection against predators who intend to
> attack vehicle occupants. If a lion or leopard wanted to jump into the
> vehicle to start having a good meal, it could easily do so.
>
> But that didn't happen.
>
> Why are there thousands of open-air vehicles passing through safari every
> day in different parts of Africa, and we hardly ever hear of predators
> attacking people in safari vehicles?
>
> The answer is a combination of two things.
>
> *First, the vehicle, and the people in it, are not prey for these
> predators. Predators don't see it as food,* and in most cases don't see
> it as a threat either.
>
> *And the second reason why predators don't attack humans in vehicles is
> because wild animals are afraid of humans by nature*. Humans are at the
> top of the food chain, and wild animals know that. *In most cases, a
> predator will flee from even a single human who approaches it on foot. And
> if there are humans in a crowd, their natural fear of humans is multiplied.*
>
> But when humans stay in the vehicle, they are less afraid because they
> don't recognize it as a vehicle full of people. Sometimes predators
> approach open safari vehicles without fear or desire to attack. *In many
> national parks, predators are used to vehicles and will not mind having a
> safari vehicle very close to them.*
>
> *Of course, there are some exceptions.*
>
> *There are special cases where predators attack humans in vehicles. In
> most of these cases, wild animals were raised by humans, or indeed grew up
> in captivity.* *They may not be wild predators by nature, but they have
> lost their natural fear of humans, or been overfed by humans*. In such
> cases, predators have learned to associate humans with food.
>
> And in one or two cases that I know of, animals are not fed or raised by
> humans but are very old, sick, or seriously injured. *Old and injured
> animals can become very dangerous and act unexpectedly.*
>
> In one such case several years ago, an elderly male leopard, unable to
> escape from a viewing vehicle that was constantly harassing him and
> intruding on his privacy, *the old leopard attacked a guide whose arm was
> hanging out of the window, and bit his arm. . But such occurrences are
> very, very rare.*
>
> I've been in the safari industry for many years and we've done thousands
> of open-air safaris, and seen thousands of incredible predators, many of
> them we've seen up close. Not once did a predator try to attack any of
> our vehicles or the people in them.
>
> Statistically, you're much, much safer in an open-air safari vehicle
> inside a national park surrounded by wild animals than when you're on a big
> city highway where you could die in a car crash.
>
> Why do lions not attack when you are in a safari vehicle? - Ask me anything
>
> I’ve been on Safaris in Africa and heard a lot from professionals, as well
> as what I saw in person and also read about. The best explanation I heard
> is thathttps://
> askmeanithing.com/why-do-lions-not-attack-when-you-are-in-a-safari-vehicle/
>
> Q10 Why were the beds so much shorter in the past?
>
> A10 Mathias Rolfs,Worked at Self employed Wed
>
> Most will answer:"Well, because people used to be much smaller".
>
> *In a sense, of course, that's true, but it's not the reason beds used to
> be so much shorter.*
>
> *The real reason is the sleeping position.In the past, people slept in bed
> in a semi-upright position.*
>
> You didn't sleep with your back directly against the wall or against the
> headboard of the bed, but with several pillows piled up there.
>
> *There was a good reason for the semi-upright sleeping position:*
>
> Many people often suffered from lung diseases in the past. This was no
> wonder, because there was actually smoke everywhere; it came from stoves
> and fireplaces and from coal and wood stoves. In addition, there were
> drafts, dampness and mold in the apartments, and cold.
>
> *When you sit in bed, you can get much better air because of the relief of
> the respiratory muscles.*
>
> The result of all this was that people at that time were "scared to death"
> of dying in their sleep because they would lie in it and then suffocate.
>
> Even today, in some regions people say: "Im Bett sterbet d' Leut" (People
> die in bed). This gave rise to the superstition: "Whoever sleeps sitting up
> escapes death".
>
> And so it came about that many people slept sitting up in short beds.
>
> *This did not change until the 19th century*, when people began to
> connect stoves and ovens to chimney flues - making homes smoke-free.
>
> *And since people no longer had to sleep sitting up and could lie down,
> from then on there were longer beds as we know them today.*
>
> *My note- If we look at any photographs/pictures of of people before 3-4
> generations, we could see they were more shorter and facial appearance vary
> very much to the present/ past generation. *
>
> *All the above QA are from Quora website on 18-09- 2022.*
>
> *Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers .*
>
> *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 19-09-2022*
>
>
>
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