NAcL battery is older obsolete? Mr G and Mr N are two persons who do a lot of pretentious -intelligence, because all the rest are in rest without having to bother about. Byju I have stated because, the subject is so elementary and fundamental. And one man said BATTERY means Battalion!!; Great; also, as usual added adjectives of abuse to me. Another G says NaCL is obsolete. There is no point in hiding one’s foolishness. And writing nonsense for nonsense’s sake. Below is a research paper published in 2022 Apr in favour of Gopalkrishnan’s’ surmise it has become obsolete. Also I said battery and button cell alone is used at home. Mr G says that in BSNL it was used(cell). Why should one blunder and accuse always another? GOK.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have long dominant energy storage technology in electric vehicles and hand-held electronics. The cost and limited quantities of lithium in the earth's encrustation may prevent LIBs from being used in future large-scale renewable energy storage. Lithium metal, if used simultaneously, is depleted easily. The searching for new sources of lithium batteries and recycling is not expected to meet the high demand. The increasing demand *for LIB has led researchers to look for alternative batteries. *Because of their abundant sodium supplies and similar electrochemical principles, sodium-ion batteries (SIB) are being explored as a viable alternative to lithium-ion batteries in large-scale renewable energy storage applications. Na raw material base is much greater. The sources are more abundant in nature and cheaper than lithium Na thought that it has similar characteristics in batteries to Li. Many potential raw materials for Na. The sources of sodium in the form of NaCl (table salt) can be the primary source of SIB both as electrodes, doping, and electrolytes. NaCl can also be used in the form of other compounds such as Na2CO3 which is the most commonly applied to SIB right now. The use of NaCl as an electrode, additive, and electrolyte contributes to make production costs lower, particularly in terms of raw materials. Because sodium metal is classified as expensive matter, a cathode using a source of Na2CO3 that was synthesized independently from NaCl can save about 16.66 percent after being calculated, and an anode with sodium metal that was synthesized independently from NaCl can save about 98 percent after being calculated. The generation of solid-particle material cannot be separated from the selection of raw materials. Sodium sources from seawater can be chosen as raw materials because they can be processed into other forms of sodium salt or used directly. The source of this materials can meet the possible high demand for SIB in the future. As will be explained in the next section, NaCl from seawater can contribute to all SIB components, both cathode, anode, and electrolyte. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https:// Doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s40243- 022- 00208-1. Acknowledgements This paper was funded by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education *(KemenRistekdikti) *through the *“Penelitian Dasar” *scheme with Grant Number 221.1/ UN27.22/HK.07.00/2021. & Published online: 18 April 2022 KR IRS 121122 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx On Sat, 12 Nov 2022 at 13:03, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 < [email protected]> wrote: > Respected sir, > Thank you for the information > Gopalakrishnan > > > On Saturday, 12 November, 2022 at 03:27:34 am IST, Narayanaswamy Iyer < > [email protected]> wrote: > > > Dear folks > > Pretender all-knowing genius and in fact super-ignoramus and incurable > idiot KR IRS 111122 did not know, and could not possibly know, that > before World War II the occupying colonial British armed forces built on > Impregnable Fortress Singapore 's then Pulau Blakang Mati (Island where > folks go to after death, in Malay) now Sentosa (Haven of Undiluted > Pleasure) a BATTERY of giant guns all facing south towards the empty sea. > > This was in anticipation of the little yellow Orientals, the rice and > dried-squid eating Japanese, attacking the bastion of the Empire On Which > The Sun Never Sets from the sea. > > The kamikaze-imbued Imperial Japanese Army of General Tomoyuki Yamashita > rode down the Malay Peninsula from the north on their bicycles, with > rice-powder kegs strapped across their banks and chests. > > Singapore surrendered to the Japanese on 15 February 1942. > > The historic Battle for Singapore had lasted just seven days. > > S Narayanaswamy Iyer > > On 11 Nov 2022, at 8:09 PM, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 < > [email protected]> wrote: > > Respected sir, > Regarding your response. Sodium chloride use is obsolete now. > Fron Byju's correct explanation is pasted below. Further a cell is a > unit. 50 V battery consists of 24 cells with medium sulphuric acid > connected in series. We use it in telecom. You have taken some old > explanation from Byjus > Gopalakrishnan > > A dry cell is one type of electric battery, which is generally used for > the home and portable electronic devices. A battery is a device that > consists of one or more electrochemical cells, which converts chemical > energy into electrical energy. A dry cell is one of the electrochemical > cells, developed by the “German scientists Carl Gassner” in 1886, after the > development of wet zinc-carbon batteries by Georges Leclanche in 1866. > Modern dry cells were developed by Yai Sakizo, who is from Japan, in the > year of 1887. Nowadays, the most commonly used batteries are dry cell > batteries, which vary from large flashlight batteries to minimized > flashlight batteries and are mostly used in wristwatches or calculators. > > A dry cell is an electrochemical cell consisting of low moisture > immobilized electrolytes in the form of a paste, which restricts it from > flowing. Due to this, it is easily transportable. > Working principle and types of dry cells > > Depending on the nature of the dry cell, it can be classified as a primary > cell and the secondary cell. A primary cell is the one which is neither > reusable nor rechargeable. Once the electrochemical reactions consume all > the chemical reagents, they fail to produce electricity. On the other hand, > a secondary cell can be rechargeable by using battery charges, to > regenerate the chemical reactions. > Primary cell 1. Zinc-Carbon cell > > [image: Dry cell - Zinc-Carbon cell] > > A dry cell consists of a metal container in which a low moisture > electrolyte paste covers the graphite rod or a metal electrode. Generally, > the metal container will be zinc whose base acts as a negative electrode > (anode) and a carbon road acts as a positive electrode (cathode). It is > surrounded by manganese dioxide and low moisture electrolyte like ammonium > chloride paste, which will produce a maximum of 1.5V of voltage, and they > are not reversible. > > . > > The half cell reaction process has the following steps > > Step 1: > > During the process, a reduction reaction occurs within the moisturized > electrolyte, which comprises manganese dioxide (MnO2) and ammonium > chloride (NH4Cl) and graphite serves as solid support for the reduction > reaction > > 2NH4+ + 2MnO2 →Mn2O3 + 2NH3 + H2O > > Step 2: > > Zinc container serves as an anode and undergoes an oxidation reaction > > Zn → Zn2+ + 2e- > > Zinc-carbon cell is the most common dry cell and is also called Leclanche > cell. The alkaline battery has almost same half-cell reaction, where KOH or > NaOH replaces the ammonium chloride and half-cell reactions are > > ZNCl2 + 2NH3 → Zn(NH3)2Cl2 > > 2MnO2 + H2 → Mn2O3 + H2O > > The overall reaction is, > > Zn + 2MnO2 + 2NH4Cl → Mn2O3 + Zn(NH3)2Cl2 + H2O > 2. Alkaline battery > > The alkaline battery will have almost same half-cell reactions as > zinc-carbon cell, where KOH or NaOH replaces the ammonium chloride and > half-cell reactions are > > Zn + 2OH– → ZnO + H2O + 2e– > > 2MnO2 + 2e– + H2O → Mn2O3 + 2OH– > 3. Mercury cell > > In the mercury cell, HgO serves as a cathode and zinc metal serves as an > anode and the reaction involves the following steps > > Step 1: At the anode > > Zn + 2OH– → ZnO + H2O + 2e– > > Step 2: At the cathode > > HgO + H2O + 2e– → Hg + 2OH– > > The overall reaction is of the cell > > Zn + HgO → ZnO + Hg > 4. Silver oxide cell > > In the basic medium, silver metal acts as inert support in the reduction > of silver oxide (Ag2O) and in the oxidation of zinc. > > Step 1: Reaction at the cathode > > Ag2O + 2H+ + 2e– → 2Ag + H2O > > Step 2: Reaction in the electrolyte > > 2H2O → 2H+ + 2OH– > > Step 3: Reaction at the anode > > Zn + 2OH– → Zn(OH2) + 2e– > > Step 4: Overall reaction > > Zn + H2O + Ag2O → Zn(OH2) + 2Ag > > The overall reaction in an anhydrous medium > > [image: Overall reaction of silver oxide cell in anhydrous medium] > Secondary cell 1. Nickel-cadmium cell (NiCd cell) > > The Nickel-cadmium cell comprises cadmium as an anode and Nickel plate as > a cathode, and a separator acts as an insulator between the anode plate and > cathode plate. Sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide acts as an > electrolyte. > > *Note: On disposing, cadmium causes harmful effects on the environment. > Therefore, these days NiCd cells are not in use.* > 2. Lithium-ion cell > > These are popular batteries used nowadays on laptops, iPods, cellphones. > The electrodes of the cell are made up of lightweight carbon and lithium. > They are low maintenance batteries and no memory is required to enhance > battery life. They are less harmful even after disposing and self-discharge > is less than half of the NiCd cell. > 3. Nickel-metal hydride cell > > In the Nickel-metal hydride cell, NIMH acts as anode and > hydrogen-absorbing alloy acts as a cathode. The electrochemistry of the > rechargeable Ni-MH battery is as follows > > Step 1: Reaction at the cathode > > H2O + M + e– ⇋ OH– + MH > > Step 2: Reaction at the anode > > Ni(OH)2 + OH– ⇋ NIO(OH) + H2O + e– > > And at the end of the reaction nickel oxyhydroxide NiO(OH) is formed. > Advantages of a dry cell > > - They are easy to use in a simple electronic device. > - There is no worry about linkage in the dry cell. > - Dry cells are safe during transportation. > - They are small and lightweight. > - > - Summary > > > - There are a variety of dry cells, some can be rechargeable and some > have limited shelf life. > - Battery should be stored in a cool place because the self-discharge > of the battery accelerates at high temperature. > - Depending on whether a dry cell is rechargeable or not, it is > further classified as a primary cell and the secondary cell. > > > > > On Friday, 11 November, 2022 at 04:36:51 pm IST, Rajaram Krishnamurthy < > [email protected]> wrote: > > > Mr G has as usual taken from encyclopedia and wrote cell and Battery with > simple definition leaving behind many (other than Eng) differentiating what > is what. We all use at home only BATTERY and not cell; Battery is AAA, AA, > D ETC apart from car , vehicle battery etc. We use Button cells. But a cell > is actually an electrochemical process set up to work from short time to > long time subject to arrangements. > Difference Between Cell and Battery > > When we look at the differences between cells and batteries, the biggest > distinction would be – a battery typically stores energy, whereas a cell > generates energy by converting available resources. However, you will find > some other differences between the two below. > *Difference Between Cell and Battery* > Cell Battery > A cell is a single-unit device which converts chemical energy into > electric energy. A battery usually consists of a group of cells. > Depending on the types of electrolytes used, a cell is either reserved, > wet or dry types. Cell also includes a molten salt type. A battery is > either a primary battery or a secondary battery meaning it is rechargeable > or non-chargeable. > A cell is usually light and compact as it has a single unit. Battery > normally consists of several cells, thus giving it a bigger size and bulky > look. > A cell supplies power for a shorter period of time. A battery can supply > power for long durations. > A cell is used mostly for lighter tasks which require less energy. It is > used in clocks, lamp, etc. A battery is mostly used for heavy-duty tasks. > It is used in automobiles, inverters, etc. > Cells are usually cheap Batteries are much costlier. > > These are some differences between cells and batteries. To know more about > important differences between similar products and other chemistry topics, > you can keep visiting BYJU’s or download our app for interesting content > and a learning experience. > <image.png> > > KR IRS 111122 > > On Fri, 11 Nov 2022 at 13:34, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 < > [email protected]> wrote: > > BATTERY AND CELL > > Dear friends, > > This posting is some simple interesting information about battery and > cell. I have tried my best to avoid too much technical information. Hope an > interesting reading. > > Sincerely, > > Gopalakrishnan 11-11-2022 > > 1. Is it cell or battery? > > A number of cells connected together are called battery. It can be mere 2 > cells or even 24 or more than that. Normally cell provides 1.5 – 2 volts DC. > If one asks for a cell in any electric shop or other shops selling cells, > *most > probably he will ask whether you are asking battery and show cells in pack* > . There are different sizes and types of cells. Depending on size and > material quality used, the cells will have varying life period. *Cells > are mis-normed as battery and it has become a norm to use the word battery > for cell. * > > *2. Cells for torch, TV remote, calling bell, Channel remote, wall clocks, > AC remote cordless mouse, BP meter, Oxymeter etc.* > > Most shops will have two sizes of cells. Though they are called dry cells, > it contains liquid in very small quantity. The larger one is used for > clock, calling bell, and some remotes. The smaller one is used in TV > remotes, channel remotes etc. But in electric shops many more sizes of cells > are available. > > *3 Torch cells* > > The most common type of torches use either 2, or three or four type of > medium cells depending on its size, brightness of beam etc. There are > special torches with rechargeable batteries. However if the rechargeable > battery has lost its capacity, ordinary dry cells of proper size can be > used. Caution- Dry cells are not rechargeable. > > *4. cell in LPG stove* > > Once my prestige self-ignition LPG stove failed for igniting. I called the > technician. All the while I was thinking self-ignition was due to sparks > created by two special stones. (Chikki- mukki). > > The technician arrived and just tested by operating knobs of switching ON > LPG. Which simultaneously create spark in the burner. To my wonder he > just tilted the stove and took one medium type cell, above the size of > torch cell. I thought he may be having new one to replace, but not having. > While he serviced the stove I got the medium cell from the electric shop, > and he replaced. > > He said, from next time the failure of sparks, I can replace the cell, > showing how he inserted tilting the stove. Next two times I replaced, > keeping the glass top stove in tilted position with one hand!!??. I had the > apprehension; stove should not slip from my hold, in the granite table. At > that time I hoped the kitchen table might have the edges raised. > > *5 DC Calling bell in my home* > > While wiring switch points, electrician told me, the calling bell will > operate one way from down stairs to upstairs. It worked perfectly. After a > few years the calling bell failed, on replacing battery it worked. For some > work the switch board was opened and I found the switch was just giving > continuity of a wire, phase wire is not connected. *It was simply a DC > bell. I could never imagine switch for a DC calling bell in an AC switch > board. Technician planned a spare switch position for the DC bell. * > > *6. Lantern* > > Once when my daughter in law’s brother came from USA he complimented a > lantern to my wife. Physically 95% it appeared a lantern, but it lighted > using two large type cells connected in the kerosene tank. Just like tank > cover is closed by screwing, just a round knob turned switched the > battery and lamp gave very bright light. During power shutdown for three > days consecutively and heavy wind and rain, it helped us. Our UPS could > take load only for about 15 hours and I was particular to keep reserve after > working for 10 hours. > > *7. Car battery and UPS battery.* > > > > One might have noticed, both of these are heavy; it can be handled by > holding with two hands. Comparatively car battery is smaller. This battery > is used to provide ignition while starting. UPS battery is given warranty > for three years now in India. Sulphuric acid is the medium used in both > batteries. Periodic topping up is done with distilled water to > compensate evaporation. Indicator is provided in the battery. A battery > with 150 AH is priced anything above Rs 15000-00. I have recently replaced > my battery with standard battery and was billed 15500-00. > > However battery merchants take back old battery for about 1500-00 and lead > is sent to factories where it is processed and reused. Or the lead is used > for other purposes. > > 8. Telecom installations including mobile base station. > > With all type of power supply arrangements, telecom installations are > provided with 50 V battery using 24 cells. When the installation capacity > is large, large size lead acid battery is used. At one time some > installations worked simply on battery. Two sets of battery were used, > while one is working, other was placed in charging. Now maintenance free > battery is used along with diesel engine generator. Generator takes > additional load of air-conditioning also. The land phones works perfectly, > since maximum people use mobile phones. Once the mobile tower fails, people > switch over to land phones. > > *9. Special cells in wrist watches, some calculators, blood test meters > etc.* > > Most of us might have observed these cells are round, with about 3 mm > height, and varying in diameter. These are called button cells > > Button cells are single cells, usually disposable primary cells. Common > anode materials are zinc or lithium. Common cathode materials are manganese > dioxide, silver oxide, carbon monofluoride, cupric oxide or oxygen from the > air. > > Once stop functioning they are to be disposed of. No reuse. As far as my > knowledge knows, these types of button cells are not available with normal > electric stores, but with watch dealers. There can be electric stores > selling button cells also. While normal cell cost below Rs 20-00, button > cell cost from 100-00 to 180-00 rupees in Chennai. > > 10 Children toys > > Some of the children toys use battery. Cells used in clocks or in torches > are used. > > 11. Reserve of battery. > > There is a belief clocks should not stop. Hence most homes keep cells > for replacement. Now most use cordless mouse. Most keep separately one or > two cells for mouse. Nowadays we get cells with more strength and > priced more using different materials called alkaline batteries. > > *12 study in middle school classes.* > > We have studied in middle school classes about Primary cell, Leclanché > cell and Dry cell. Dry cell continues till date. The Leclanché cell is a > battery invented by the French scientist Georges Leclanché in 1866. The > battery contained a conducting solution of ammonium chloride, a carbon > cathode, manganese dioxide as an oxidizer, and a zinc anode > > Leclanché cell with sulphric acid medium is used in car, buses and in > the UPS battery > > Small vehicles work with spark plugs for ignition, but motor bikes use > batter as I read on Google search. > > 13 Some added information about dry cell and wet cell > > The information are compiled by Google search > > The 'dry-cell' is a misnomer. Dry-cells do NOT use dry (no liquid) > electrolyte. In fact, they usually use MORE liquid electrolyte than the > original simple design; that they re-named a 'wet-cell'. > > A so-called 'dry-cell' is simply a full flooded wet-cell with an > additional reservoir for electrolyte and a means to circulate the > electrolyte fluids, (liquid and gas mixture) between the electrolyzer and > the reservoir….. > > *14 What common uses are used for wet cell batteries?* > > A wet-cell battery is the original type of rechargeable battery. It is > commonly found in aviation, electric utilities, energy storage and > cellphone towers. The battery contains a liquid electrolyte such as > sulfuric acid, lead and lead oxide electrodes. The most common use is in > our cars. > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1057860325.2080655.1668153830029%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1057860325.2080655.1668153830029%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "Thatha_Patty" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAL5XZoqcuSgDwaVH3H%2BYu28_fhMuCOXbuKeNLFwENcq5KeUhjg%40mail.gmail.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAL5XZoqcuSgDwaVH3H%2BYu28_fhMuCOXbuKeNLFwENcq5KeUhjg%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1750516675.2176328.1668168568224%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1750516675.2176328.1668168568224%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > > <image.png> > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/F6D8C979-2F58-4D23-BBAC-671B8BD7789C%40gmail.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/F6D8C979-2F58-4D23-BBAC-671B8BD7789C%40gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/39010995.2333252.1668238421189%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/39010995.2333252.1668238421189%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. 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