Q1 A fantastic unscientific theory rendered by Jordan and believed with
the Brahma story by the original thinking writer G!!. After reading Indian
volumes of shastras and provoked by his vulnerable Guru also, as a brahmin,
CANNOT KNOW WHAT IS LIFE EITHER FROM THE VEDIC SCRIPTURES OR FROM SCIENCE
FACULTY AND RESEARCH. Gossip galore.
Q2 A long gossip again. The tracks were laid in 1800 era; so wood were
considered easy material to strengthen; buit science today went far off;
the copyist says various measures under the roof; yet a question is why
would wood is used and the answer is no more because other things are
available and also wonder how many took part in the gossip. Easwara
rakshatu.
WHERE EXACTLY ARE WE TODAY ON SLEEPERS? We have come fiberglass and not
plastic already given up; "Three new railway sleeper concepts for a
mainline track and investigated experimentally and numerically to
understand their behaviours. These sleepers are fabricated with (a) a
rubberised cement concrete block embedded in Particulate Filled Resin (PFR)
and reinforced with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars (Concept-1),
(b) cement concrete block reinforced with GFRP bars (Concept-2), and (c)
GFRP pultruded sections filled with rubberised cement concrete and embedded
in PFR (Concept-3). The structural behaviour of the railway sleepers is
evaluated experimentally under five-point static bending and is verified by
Beams on Elastic Foundation analysis. Moreover, an in-depth investigation
of the in-track behaviour of sleeper was conducted using finite element
simulation. Results show that the flexural properties of sleeper Concept-1
is equivalent to a recycled plastic sleeper, Concept-2 is between a
recycled plastic and a softwood timber while Concept-3 is identical to a
softwood timber sleeper. The results from this study generated new
composite sleeper concepts from a price point that makes them commercially
viable and meet structural performance to replace existing timber sleepers
in a mainline railway track."
We have come a long way sir. This is what I call as "pl do not be
carried away from your point of view but learn more".
Q3 Every country has similar regulations only. However all types of
fruits , plantains and flowers and tulsi are brought in and grown well and
accepted by the nation also. Even into India you cannot bring many things.
Only taboo of all nations preventing forcibly is Cocaine and all kinds of
drugs which is an offence punished severely; but it is available aplenty
only in the USA also. Many Tamil and Indian homes have plantain trees.
Tulsi in pots. And Mexico and latino nations supply all kinds of vegetables
and fruits. Orange trees are also getting infected, which is a farm held
here. Prevention customs are in existence but at the same time all are
going in also. Once OORUGAIS were a taboo; today it is freed. Once sweets,
savouries etc were blocked; now it is sent freely inside. Once medicines
inside the USA were prevented; as a matter of fact you may get the generic
but not Indian brands here; but today every 3 months medicines with the
doctors' prescriptions are allowed. There is now a blockade only for
liquids, tubes and insulin and inject needles; all of them may be available
sooner than later. Our votes have value. So let's not harp on such
gossiping questions older than the old.
Q5 The winter menace and control is a subject well established long
ago not in foreign alone , but even in our country. The bursting pipes are
old theory sir. KR IRS 12 123
On Thu, 12 Jan 2023 at 16:51, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <
[email protected]> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 01-2023-06*
>
> *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS*
>
> Q1 How do humans have such a long life span compared to other
> mammals? Even before modern medicine, our life spans were an anomaly in the
> animal kingdom.
>
> A1 Claire Jordan, Degree in biology and folklore; programmer,
> shop owner, secretary on newspaper Jan 4
>
> You have to consider that *there are two different aspects to lifespan.*
>
> How long you potentially could live, if nothing kills you.How long you
> are actually likely to live.
>
> *In animals who are low on the food chain, they generally die quite young
> because a predator eats them*. Even predators with a very high-risk
> lifestyle also tend to die young. Therefore, they evolve to get their
> breeding done very young, so that they will pass their genes on before they
> die.
>
> Now, there is no benefit to having the *potential* to live to great age,
> if something is probably going to kill you before you get there, and you
> already passed on your genes. In fact*, if you live a long time you may
> end up competing with your own descendants, reducing their chances.* So,
> genes which might make you wither and die *after* the point at which you’ll
> probably have been killed by a predator aren’t weeded out, because there’s
> no selection pressure to remove them. Genes which may be beneficial when
> young and harmful when old, such as those which make you very muscular but
> eventually give you arthritis, are actively favoured, because it’s
> important to get your living and breeding in early.
>
> *This is why small animals usually have short lifespans - because they are
> low on the food chain and need to get their living in fast*.
>
> But humans, like elephants, have very long lives because we have very few
> predators, and we have a complex social structure in which the elderly
> still have a use as teachers and guardians of the young. And we do our
> breeding quite slowly so as not to over-populate (although modern humans
> have screwed this up by not breast-feeding often enough for long enough to
> supress ovulation).
>
> For other animals with long lifespans, we can usually see why this
> happened. *Deep-ocean sharks with very long lives have almost no
> predators*. Giant tortoises are almost indestructible as adults, so they
> can afford to live slow.
>
> *Perhaps the most interesting ones are naked mole rats.* They’re the size
> of a chipmunk, but have the lifespan of a horse, and we’re not even sure
> the little buggers age *at all*, although obviously they can die in
> accidents. *Tiny though they are, they live underground where almost
> nothing can eat them,* and their tunnels are full of ammonia (from their
> urine) so they’ve evolved good cellular repair mechanisms which protect
> them from toxins, but also from cancer. *And they get round the
> overpopulation issue by being eusocial, meaning that there’s only one
> breeding female in each pack.*
>
> *My note- In middle school days one of the legends I read comes to my
> remembrance. Slightly high note.*
>
> Once being very much difficulties in continuing life the dogs, the
> oxen/cows met lord Brahma and desired their the long life span they had.
> Human was an onlooker.
>
> Dogs wanted to reduce life span from 25 years to 10 years. Oxen/cows
> wanted their life span from 40 years to 20 years. Seeing justification the
> Lord reduced their life span as desired.
>
> The onlooker human, having not much difficulties and had a life span of 60
> years, desired the reduced life span of dogs and oxen may be given to him.
> Brahma thought for a moment. And agreed and give humans the life span of 35
> years more. So humans got a lifespan of 95 years. Very few humans live
> beyond 95 years now also.
>
> Q2 Why do the wooden blocks placed under the railway lines stay
> long without getting spoiled, yet it's exposed to various climatic
> conditions?
>
> A2 David Fairhurst, Life long interest in Railways 1952
> –present Updated 1y
>
> Funny you should ask this Lesh as I was answering some questions about
> them only yesterday to a railway interest group (not Quora).
>
> My note- Lengthy but very interesting and informative answer.
>
> Here in Britain, where the railways began, we call them “sleepers” but
> over in the United States they call them “Ties”. They are placed on a bed
> of crushed stone called ballast. This not only provides a level bed to
> support the sleepers but also drains any water away and helps keep the
> sleepers dry. The sleepers have steel fittings called chairs on their
> upper surface and these are what the steel rails are fixed into.
>
> As you say they have to face all sorts of climatic conditions and for that
> reason *they are specially treated before they can be used. They are
> impregnated with a phenolic chemical such as ‘Creosote’.*
>
> This isn’t just painting them with it or dipping them into a bath of it as
> that would only give surface protection. *They have to be ‘cooked’ in a
> giant oven under pressure which ensures that the creosote penetrates right
> through the sleeper.*
>
> The amount they can be allowed to deteriorate before being replaced
> depends upon where they are used. *On a main line they have to be in
> really good condition but on a siding they need not be so good. *Indeed
> sometimes mainline sleepers which have been taken out of use, but are *still
> in passable condition, are reused in sidings.*
>
> The problem is that *phenolic compounds like creosote are now on the
> banned list for environmental reasons.* The railways have been looking
> for alternatives for a good few years. Here in the UK *reinforced
> concrete sleepers have been introduced* on a big scale, but other
> alternatives are still being considered.
>
> Network Rail (effectively the nationalised rail infrastructure provider in
> the UK) replaces 800 miles of track a year. Any wood sleeper track that
> still exist is usually replaced with concrete sleeper track. Metal
> sleeper track is still very much a minority type and plastic is the 'new
> kid on the block' with mainly only experimental stretches laid at the
> moment.
>
> Here is a comparison of the materials used . . . .
>
> *Wood: traditional, only lasts 7 - 12/15 years* depending upon loading
> (sidings last longer than main lines!). Softwood ones are outlawed from
> 31st July due to the necessary use of a phenolic preservative
> (traditionally creosote). In the states they can use hardwood instead as a
> solution (self preserving?), but only because they have lots easily
> available across the nation. It would not be commercially viable to import
> huge quantities of it over here.
>
> My note- Traditional wood sleeper tracks are almost replaced in India with
> RCC sleepers. The old sleepers auctioned are supposed to be unfit, but many
> furniture are made out of them where load bearing is not there.
>
> *Concrete: Used a lot here in the UK and much of* Europe. The modern
> reinforced ones last 40 - 50 years. Their problem is their weight. *It
> increases the cost of laying considerably and uses a lot more ballast than
> wood or steel* (not sure about plastic). Materials for making them are
> available here in the UK. Once life expired they have virtually no scrap
> value, and indeed with increasingly strict disposal rules, they may become
> more costly to dispose of as time goes on.
>
> UPDATE: Jon Jones has kindly provided the following . . . .
>
> *“Concrete sleepers are recycled, into aggregate and steel scrap*. Land
> Recovery do it for Network rail at their site in SOT- and shift around 4000
> tonnes per week of waste ballast. Which is generally washed and graded into
> MOT type one, for Rd building.”
>
> *My note- Concrete sleeper track being laid with* cranes nowadays. *Recently
> I found RCC defective(?) sleepers are used for making a platform* in a
> railway station near Kuppam. I noted it in my journey from Bangalore to
> Chennai.
>
> *Steel: Has some advantages as it is relatively light* and uses 60% less
> ballast than concrete sleepers and 45% less than wood sleepers. Life span
> is 30 - 40 years and, once life expired, are easy to recycle and have a
> useful scrap value. *The two drawbacks are that there are some questions
> about their suitability for high speed (125mph) lines* and the other is *that
> they throw up problems with insulation both for track circuiting and on 3rd
> rail electrified lines*. (presumably conducting waste falling onto the
> track can short out the track circuit or the power rail and the running
> track.)
>
> *My note- Steel sleeper track is seen in many large railway stations now
> also- not electrified.*
>
> Plastic sleepers:
>
> As they are so new, it is difficult to get independent info, most of this
> comes from their manufacturers. Life expectancy 50 years (comparable with
> concrete).
> They have steel reinforcing bars in them. They are said to be 'virtually
> maintenance free'. Recycled plastic is used in their manufacture and, when
> life expired, *once the steel and plastic are separated both can be
> recycled and provide revenue to invest in the replacement track*. One
> interesting benefit is that *these sleepers have a very good 'damping'
> effect reducing noise* and vibration to levels significantly lower than
> the other types.
>
> Synthetic hardwood style plastic sleeper track being laid.Turnout/point
> constructed using long plastic sleepers.Hope that helps explain the current
> situation.
>
> EDIT (1): THANK YOU to all those of you you who have been involved with
> this answer by upvoting and adding such interesting comments*. I’m amazed
> at how much interest there has been in what I thought was a fairly obscure
> topic*. I don’t think I’ve ever had an 11% upvote rate* for an answer
> before !!! (* at the time of writing this comment)
>
> EDIT (2) 2nd August: I can only reiterate what I said above . . . the
> response to this question has blown me away. The previous question that had
> a lot of comments and upvotes was one I did about hanging in June 2019.
> That one has been read by 317,000 people and has had 3,284 upvotes . . . .
> but even though the number of reads of this answer has been much less at
> 71,600 reads it has had lots more upvotes at 4,566.
>
> *I like to recognise all those that have commented by upvoting their
> comment and giving a brief reply* . . . after all if you have taken the
> time and trouble to contribute a comment the very least I can do is thank
> you and acknowledge it. But I’m afraid I’m losing the battle here and the
> comments are coming in faster than I can answer them! So if you haven’t had
> an upvote and/or reply to your comment please accept my apologies and be
> reassured that I, and I’m sure the readers, do appreciate your contribution.
>
> *My note- I am not sure whether any reinforced plastic is used
> /manufactured in India*. Learnt readers/railway staff can respond which
> will add to my information. I am not sure some yellow painted sleepers are
> this type.
>
> One of the interesting English class in middle school comes to my
> remembrance. Once due to sudden flood in the river near a railway
> station, 30 “sleepers” were drawn in by river current. The English
> Newspapers reported 30 sleepers were washed away near the railway station. The
> Malayalam news paper reported, 30 persons sleeping near the railway
> station were washed away in the river current
>
> Q3 What should I absolutely not do when visiting the USA?
>
> A3 Shaunak Bhattacharjeee, Lives in Kolkata, West Bengal, India
> (1996–present) Wed
>
> The United States of America doesn't like anyone bringing any sort of
> organic matter, especially in the form of fruits, vegetables, seeds etc,
> from abroad into the US. If you are bringing a fruit with you, nobody
> else would bat an eye but not the US Customs. They won't allow you to enter
> the country with those things.
>
> Each airport on US soil has *special machinery that chops down these
> organic materials in fine pieces and disposes them off carefully, ensuring
> they don't contaminate the soil*. If anyone is found in possession of
> fruits, vegetables, seeds, small plants, those are confiscated. *The
> reason is because there is a chance there could be pests in the organic
> matter and that could contaminate US soil.*
>
> Many years ago, someone had brought something from outside the US and had
> planted it in their backyard. *It had some pests in it and that infected
> his backyard, which soon spread out on a massive scale.* To prevent that,
> no organic matter is allowed. So if you are flying to the US, make sure
> you don't carry any of the above items with you.
>
> Moreover, if you have medicine with you, make sure you carry your
> doctor's prescription with you. Only medicines supported with proper
> prescription are allowed to be carried inside the US. If you cannot furnish
> a prescription for any particular medicine, those will be confiscated by
> the customs as well.
>
> My note- Carrying betel leaves is banned by passengers going to Dubai.
>
> Q4 What is the lowest railway track?
>
> A4 Nicholas Stone,Life long interest in trains. Jan 6
>
> The lowest railway tracks in the world are 240 metres below sea level. *They
> are in the 54 km Seikan Tunnel connecting the Japanese islands of Honshu
> and Hokkaido.*
>
> In August 2003, I travelled through the Seikan Tunnel twice - once in each
> direction. The tunnel used to feature two passenger stations. I used one of
> them - Tappi-Kaitei station - prior to their closure. We booked a passenger
> train from Aomori (on Honshu) bound for Hakodate (on Hokkaido), which
> specifically stopped at this Seikan Tunnel station. *We were the only two
> passengers to get off and we were met by a tunnel maintenance employee who
> should us around.*
>
> Tappi-Kaitei station in the 54 km Seikan Tunnel, Japan. Nicholas Stone,
> the author of this answer visited in August 2003. *The station complex
> resembles the underground headquarters of a villain in a James Bond film.
> In 2013, the station closed to passengers and is now used for emergencies.*
>
> Tappi-Kaitei station is located beneath the point were the Seikan Tunnel
> leaves the mainland and borrows underneath the Tsugaru Strait. The
> maintenance employee escorted us in a very long underground cable car to
> the surface, where we emerged on the Honshu coastline cliffs with stunning
> views across the straits to Hokkaido.
>
> Nicholas Stone at Tappi-Kaitei station inside the 54 km Seikan Tunnel,
> Japan - in August 2003, waiting for an afternoon northbound train for
> Hakodate, on the island Hokkaido.
>
> We returned to the tunnel station, to wait for our onward train to
> Hakodate. As we did, apocalyptic sirens went off. In the distance, we
> could hear and see the lights of approaching freight train travelling in
> other direction. For several minutes there was the bizarre and intense
> sound of sirens, the roar of an oncoming southbound freight train, while we
> waited on the northbound platform. And in a 54 km tunnel, some 15 km
> from the portal. *It was, perhaps, the most extraordinary railway
> experience of my life.*
>
> Q5 How does water in the pipes avoid freezing in below 0 weather?
>
> A5 David Thomas, Professional Engineer, Civil, Alaska Dec 15
>
> *Some combination of:*
>
> *1) being buried deeply enough as to be below the* seasonal frost depth:
>
> I buried my own water service line *11 feet down due to deep frost depths*
> here at 60N in Alaska. The winter before we built our house, we had 2 weeks
> below -20F / -30C and 3 days of -40 and a city water main 14 feet under a
> plowed road froze.
>
> *2) being run properly inside the house - not in* exterior walls, so that
> heating the house keeps the pipes well above freezing.
>
> *3) by having frequent enough flow to keep warmer* water moving past a
> frost-prone area. People do this by letting their faucets drip during a
> cold snap if their home’s plumbing was poorly designed/installed:
>
> *4) with heat-trace cable electrically heating the* pipes:
>
> *5) having insulation slow the rate of heat loss. It* won’t avoid
> freezing, but will delay it perhaps allowing heat trace or periodic flow to
> keep up with heat losses:
>
> *6) Recirculation of the water in a loop - rarely done* for a single
> residence, some cities in Alaska use it to keep their city water mains from
> freezing.
>
> 7) Building structures to contain all utilities such as Barrow’s /
> Utqiaġvik’s “utilidor” system:
>
> *8) Adding heat before distributing the water.* Anchorage uses cold water
> to recondense steam at their gas-fired power plant which then raises the
> water temperature and allows it to get to the far ends of the system
> without freezing. Or some combination of the above.
>
> *My note- Very informative answer*
>
> *All the above QA are from Quora website on 12-01- 2023.*
>
> *Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers .*
>
> *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 13-01-2023**. *
>
> *I found all QA in this posting are very informative*
>
>
>
>
>
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