Excellent marks of improvement from Mr G. Latest news is almost there , very close to her tomb, the cleo. However the contrasts are not well depicted, because there was again only an attempt to cut and paste some characters. Cleopatra came only to conquer the Rome dynasty with her fabricated Greek background. History has a glimpse of history between Mark Anthony and Augustus the kid who played his cards secretly. KR IRS 16 5 23 đčđ
On Tue, 16 May 2023 at 06:51, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 < [email protected]> wrote: > CLEOPATRA-FORWARD > > Dear friends, > > The following I read today from Yahoo opening page. I found the reading > very interesting and thought of forwarding to the groups. I recollect > watching the English film Cleopatra in the posh Safire theatre in Chennai > in 1971 July. The theatre is not functioning now. *I am not able to > attach photos in this forward. All high-lighting are done by me * > > Gopalakrishnan 16-5-2023 > > > > The official website for BBC History Magazine and BBC History Revealed-Who > was Cleopatra? Her life, her love affairs and her children, plus 6 > little-known facts > > Cleopatra is one of the best-known women in history, famed for her > supposed beauty and intellect, and her love affairs with Julius Caesar and > Mark Antony. Explore her incredible life, her quest her for power and her > untimely end > > A depiction of Queen Cleopatra, c50 BC > > Published: May 10, 2023 at 7:05 am > > CLAIM YOUR BOOK this summer when you subscribe to either BBC History > Magazine or BBC History Revealed > > Cleopatra VII: a biography > > Born: c69 BC Died: 30 BC > > Reigned: She assumed control of Egypt in 51 BC after the death of her > father, Ptolemy XII, initially co-ruling with her brother XIII. Her reign > ended with her death in 30 BC. > > Known for: Being the last pharaoh of Egypt, being a fabled beauty, *her > love affairs with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, and â alongside Mark > Antony â waging a war on Rome, which she ultimately lost.* > > Outside Europe, in Africa and in Islamic tradition, she was remembered > very differently. Arab writers refer to her as a scholar, and 400 years > after her death a cult statue of Cleopatra was being honoured at Philae, a > religious centre that also attracted pilgrims from further south, outside > Egypt. > > Cause of death: Took her own life, possibly with poison. Legend has it > that she encouraged a snake to bite her. > > Cleopatra VII: Ancient Egyptâs most famous daughter, and its last active > Pharaoh. A woman immortalised in film, on canvas and in print. An > enigmatic heroine to whom William Shakespeare devoted one of his greatest > tragedies. > > Her story is one that has been retold throughout history â full of romance > and love, riches and betrayal. > > But beneath the gold and glamour lies a far darker tale of sibling rivalry > taken to the extreme, and a thirst for power that would change the course > of history. > > *Born c69 BC, Cleopatra was the third of a possible six children, all of > whom shared a common father, Ptolemy XII.* The Ptolemaic dynasty, a > Macedonian-Greek royal family that had *ties to Alexander the Great, had > ruled Egypt since 305 BC*. > > Traditionally male rulers took the name Ptolemy, while Ptolemaic Queens > were usually named Cleopatra, ArsinoĂ« or Berenice. > > How did Cleopatra become queen? > > For Cleopatra, life as a royal daughter was one of luxury. *The Egyptian > capital Alexandria, the seat of Ptolemaic power, was a thriving cultural > centre, attracting scholars, artists and philosophers from all over the > world*. It was also home to the great Pharos of Alexandria â the > 137-metre-tall lighthouse that towered over the city and one of the seven > wonders of the ancient world. > > *Cleopatraâs first taste of power came at the tender age of 14, when she > was made co-regent with her father*, following his restoration to the > throne after three years in exile, albeit with limited powers. Ptolemy > XIIâs return to the throne had cost Cleopatraâs elder sister, Berenice â > who had seized power in his absence â her life. > > There may have been a further elder sister, Cleopatra VI Tryphaena, but > she too had died by this point. All of this meant that it was 18-year-old > Cleopatra who became co-regent with her brother, Ptolemy XIII (aged ten), > when her father died in March 51 BC. > > In true pharaonic tradition, which aimed to keep the royal bloodline as > pure as possible, Cleopatra married her younger brother and co-ruler, but > it soon became clear that she had no intention of sharing power with him. > > Within months, Ptolemy XIIIâs name had been dropped from official > documents and Cleopatraâs face appeared alone on coins. > > Cleopatra: what is the real legacy of the last pharaoh? > > For more than 2,000 years Cleopatra VII, final ruler of Egypt's Ptolemaic > dynasty, has been portrayed as a manipulative but tragic beauty. Yet, as > Joann Fletcher reveals, such simplistic portrayals obscure her true legacy > as a strong, politically astute monarch... > > Carved wall scene depicting Cleopatra at Dendera Temple(Not attached) > > Cleopatra is often portrayed by Hollywood as a glamorous femme fatale. Mary > Hamer argues that most of what we think we know about Cleopatra is merely > the echo of Roman propaganda. Here, she reveals six lesser-known facts > about the Egyptian ruler⊠> > *Cleopatra made an ally of Julius Caesar, who helped to establish her on > the throne* > > She then invited him to join her on a voyage up the Nile, and when she > subsequently gave birth to a son, *she named the baby Caesarion â âlittle > Caesarâ.* > > In Rome this caused a scandal. This was, firstly, because Egypt and its > pleasure-loving culture were despised as decadent. *But it was also > because Caesar had no other sons â though he was married to Calpurnia, and > had had two wives before her â* and he had just made himself the most > powerful man in Rome. Elite Romans were meant to share power, but Caesar > seemed to want to be supreme, like a monarch. *It was a doubly unbearable > prospect: Caesarion, an Egyptian, just might grow up to claim to rule over > Rome as Caesarâs heir.* > > Fantasies about Cleopatraâs beauty are just that > > Plutarch, the Greek biographer of Mark Antony, claimed it wasnât so much > her looks that were so compelling, but her conversation and her > intelligence. > > Cleopatra took control of the way she appeared, coming across differently > according to political need. For example, *at ceremonial events she would > appear dressed as the goddess Isis*: *it was common for Egyptian rulers > to identify themselves with an established deity.* > > On her coins minted in Egypt, meanwhile, she chose to be shown with her > fatherâs strong jaw line, to emphasise her inherited right to rule. > > Sculptures donât give us much of a clue to her looks either: there are two > or three heads in the classical style, but also a number of full-length > statues in Egyptian style, and her appearance in these are quite different. > > A coin with the head of Cleopatra. (Photo by Werner Forman/Universal > Images Group/Getty Images)( Not attached) > > *Cleopatra was living in Rome, as the mistress of Julius Caesar, at the > time that he was assassinated* > > Caesarâs assassination in 44 BC meant Cleopatra herself was in danger, so > she left at once. > > *With her little son, Caesarion, she had been living in a palace of her > own on the other side of the river Tiber* from Caesarâs household (though > it is likely she hadnât taken up permanent residence there, but returned on > regular visits from Egypt). > > Not surprisingly, *Cleopatra had been much disliked in a city that had > got rid of its kings, for sheâd insisted on being addressed as âqueenâ*. > It canât have helped that to honour her, Caesar had placed a statue of > Cleopatra covered in gold in the temple of Venus Genetrix â the goddess who > brings forth life, who was held in high regard by his family. > > Cleopatra was a mother as well as the ruler of Egypt > > She had Caesarion, her eldest son, represented on the temple wall at > Dendera alongside her, as sharing her rule. After her death, the Roman > emperor Augustus lured Caesarion back with promises of power, only to have > him killed. He was aged 16 or 17, though some sources say he was as young > as 14. > > Mark Antony was the father of Cleopatraâs other children, Ptolemy > Philadelphus and the twins, Cleopatra Selene and Alexander Helios. The > twins were aged 10 and Ptolemy six when their mother died. They were > taken to Rome and treated well in the household of Mark Antonyâs widow, > Octavia, where they were educated. > > 10 things you (probably) didn't know about ancient Egypt > > The adult Cleopatra Selene was married to Juba, a minor king, and sent to > rule with him over Mauretania. She gave birth to another Ptolemy â > Cleopatraâs only known grandchild. He died in adulthood by order of his > cousin, Caligula, so none of Cleopatraâs descendants lived to inherit Egypt. > > [DYEDFP_0-49794d2] > > A colossal head of Caesarion (Little Caesar), the son of Cleopatra and > Julius Caesar, from the 1st century BC. The head went on show in Los > Angeles in 2012. (Photo by World History Archive / Alamy) > > When we refer to the eighth month as âAugustâ, we are celebrating the > defeat and death of Cleopatra > > > > Augustus founded his reign on the defeat of Cleopatra. > > When he had the chance to have a month named in his own honour, instead of > choosing September â the month of his birth â he chose the eighth month, > in which Cleopatra died, to create a yearly reminder of her defeat. > > The bloody rise of Augustus > > *Augustus would have liked to lead Cleopatra as a captive through Rome*, > as other generals did with their prisoners, in the formal triumphs that > celebrated their victories. But she killed herself to prevent that. > > *Cleopatra didnât die for love*. Like Mark Antony, who killed himself > because there was no longer a place of honour for him in the world, > Cleopatra chose to die rather than suffer the violence of being paraded, > shamed and helpless, through Rome. Augustus had to make do with an image of > her that was carried through the streets instead. > > Cleopatraâs name was Greek, but it doesnât mean that she was. > > > > *Cleopatraâs family was descended from the Macedonian general Ptolemy, who > had picked up Egypt in the share out after Alexander died*. But 250 years > then passed before Cleopatra was born â 12 generations, with all their love > affairs and secret assignations. > > Today we know that at least one child in 10 is not attributed to their > correct biological father â âMommaâs baby, Poppaâs maybeâ, as they say. > > *Egyptâs population included people of many different ethnicities, and > naturally that included Africans, since Egypt was a part of Africa.* So > itâs not at all unlikely that long before Cleopatra was born, her Greek > heritage had become mixed with other strains. And since the identity of her > own grandmother is unknown, it is foolish to think that weâre sure of her > racial identity. > > Mary Hamer is the author of Signs of Cleopatra: Reading an Icon > Historically (Liverpool University Press, 2008) > > What are the key moments in Cleopatra's reign? > > 51 BC | Ptolemy XII dies > > Having recovered his throne with Roman help in c55 BC, Ptolemy XII dies, > leaving Egypt with considerable debts. *Before his death, he declares > that Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII are to co-rule.* > > 48 BC | Cleopatra seduces Julius Caesar > > Desperate to enlist Romeâs help to restore her to the throne, the banished > Cleopatra smuggles herself into the presence of Julius Caesar, allegedly > being delivered to him in a bed-sack. > > *Cleopatra, Julius Caesar and Mark Antony: how the last pharaohâs love > affairs shaped Ancient Egyptâs fate* > > Explore Cleopatra's relationships with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony â and > why they had such fundamental consequences for both Egypt and Rome... > > Julius Caesar meets Cleopatra in this 18th-century painting > > 47 BC | Caesarâs son is born > > *Cleopatra gives birth to her first child, whom she names Ptolemy Caesar â > known as Caesarion. Although named after his father, Caesarionâs claim to > Rome is never acknowledged by Julius Caesar.* > > 41 BC | Cleopatra meets Mark Antony > > After initially refusing Roman General Mark Antonyâs requests for a > meeting, Cleopatra travels to Tarsus where the two meet for the first time. > Antony is keen to secure Egyptâs financial help with his military campaigns. > He is immediately smitten with the Egyptian Queenâs charm and beauty. > > 40 BC | Cleopatra bears twins > > *Cleopatra gives birth to twins, Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene, > fathered by Mark Antony*. > > After Cleopatraâs surrender and suicide in 31 BC, the pair are captured by > Octavian and paraded through Rome in gold chains, behind an effigy of their > mother. > > 37 BC | the lovers are married > > After separating from his wife Octavia (sister of Octavian), *Antony > meets Cleopatra in Syria and the pair are said to have married. A third > child, Ptolemy Philadelphus, is born the following year*. > > Antony and Cleopatra, and 6 more of the best couples in history > > 33 BC | A crisis looms > > Relations between Octavian and Antony reached crisis point in 33 BC, when > the Roman Senate declared war on Egypt. > > 30 BC | Mark Antony is defeated > > Following humiliating defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian (later > Augustus) and a subsequent battle in Alexandria, *Mark Antony attempts > suicide. He is brought to Cleopatraâs hiding place where he soon dies.* > > 30 BC | Cleopatra takes her own life > > Unable to contemplate life as a prisoner of Rome, and without the > protection of her Roman lover, Cleopatra takes her own life. *According > to legend, she is bitten by a poisonous snake, which kills her.* > > The battle of Actium, 31 BC: the beginning of the end for Mark Antony and > Cleopatra > > Military historian Julian Humphrys explains how this naval clash off the > Greek coast presaged both the end of the Roman Republic and the deaths of > one historyâs most famous couples... > > Mural of the battle of Actium from 1600 > > This article was first published on History Extra in April 2015 and has > been updated with content published in BBC History Revealed in 2014 > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/318784320.1341772.1684245111654%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/318784320.1341772.1684245111654%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. 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