Thank you for the information! Mr Sekar wrote the paradox of intolerance by Kaarl Popper in 1945:He wrote it only in iyer123 and did not make it wide to kill the intolerance or the tolerance.
In 1945, philosopher Karl Popper <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper> attributed the paradox to Plato <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato>'s defense of "benevolent despotism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevolent_despotism>" and defined it in *The Open Society and Its Enemies <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies>*. Less well known [than other paradoxes] is the *paradox of tolerance:* Unlimited tolerance must lead to the disappearance of tolerance.[KR yes as some call it as zero etc as non-conformists shall also end in paradox]. If we extend unlimited tolerance even to those who are intolerant, if we are not prepared to defend a tolerant society against the onslaught of the intolerant, then the tolerant will be destroyed, and tolerance with them.—In this formulation, I do not imply, for instance, that we should always suppress the utterance of intolerant philosophies; as long as we can counter them by rational argument and keep them in check by public opinion, suppression would certainly be most unwise. But we should claim the *right* to suppress them, if necessary, even by force; for it may easily turn out that they are not prepared to meet us on the level of rational argument, but begin by denouncing all argument; they may forbid their followers to listen to rational argument, because it is deceptive, and teach them to answer arguments by the use of their fists or pistols. We should therefore claim, in the name of tolerance, the right not to tolerate the intolerant. We should claim that any movement preaching intolerance places itself outside the law and we should consider incitement to intolerance and persecution as criminal, in the same way as we should consider incitement to murder, or to kidnapping, or to the revival of the slave trade, as criminal. Vol. 1 of *The Open Society and Its Enemies <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies>* by Karl Popper <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper>, published in 1945 The term "paradox of tolerance" does not appear anywhere in the main text of *The Open Society and Its Enemies*. Rather, Popper lists the above as a note to chapter 7, among the mentioned paradoxes proposed in Plato's apologia for "benevolent despotism"—i.e., true tolerance would inevitably lead to intolerance, so autocratic rule <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocratic_rule> of an enlightened "philosopher-king" would be preferable to leaving the question of tolerance up to majority rule. In the context of chapter 7 of Popper's work, specifically, section II, the note on the paradox of tolerance is intended as further explanation of Popper's rebuttal specific to the paradox as a rationale for autocracy: why political institutions within liberal democracies <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracies> are preferable to Plato's vision of despotism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotism>, and through such institutions, the paradox can be avoided. The chapter in question explicitly defines the context to that of political institutions and the democratic process, and rejects the notion of "the will of the people" having valid meaning outside of those institutions. Thus, in context, Popper's acquiescence to suppression *when all else has failed* applies only to the state in a liberal democracy with a constitutional rule of law that must be just in its foundations, but will necessarily be imperfect Thomas Jefferson <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson> had already addressed the notion of a tolerant society in his first inaugural speech, concerning those who might destabilize the United States and its unity, saying, "let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it." In 1971, philosopher John Rawls <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls> concluded in *A Theory of Justice <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice>* that a just society must tolerate the intolerant, for otherwise, the society would then itself be intolerant, and thus unjust. However, Rawls qualifies this with the assertion that under extraordinary circumstances in which constitutional safeguards do not suffice to ensure the security of the tolerant and the institutions of liberty, tolerant society has a reasonable right of self-preservation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-preservation> against acts of intolerance that would limit the liberty of others under a just constitution, and this supersedes the principle of tolerance. This should be done, however, only to preserve equal liberty – i.e., the liberties of the intolerant should be limited only insofar as they demonstrably limit the liberties of others: "While an intolerant sect does not itself have title to complain of intolerance, its freedom should be restricted only when the tolerant sincerely and with reason believe that their own security and that of the institutions of liberty are in danger." In *On Toleration* (1997), Michael Walzer <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Walzer> asked, "Should we tolerate the intolerant?" He claims that most minority religious groups who are the beneficiaries of tolerance are themselves intolerant, at least in some respects. In a tolerant regime, such (intolerant) people may learn to tolerate, or at least to behave "as if they possessed this virtue" The paradox of tolerance is important in the discussion of what, if any, boundaries are to be set on freedom of speech <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech>. Raphael Cohen-Almagor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Cohen-Almagor>, in the chapter "Popper's Paradox of Tolerance and Its Modification" of *The Boundaries of Liberty and Tolerance: The Struggle Against Kahanism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahanism> in Israel* (1994), departs from Popper's limitation to imminent threat of physical harm to extend the argument for censorship to psychological harm, and asserts that to allow freedom of speech to those who would use it to eliminate the very principle upon which that freedom relies is paradoxical Michel Rosenfeld <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Rosenfeld>, in the *Harvard Law Review <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review>* in 1987, stated: "it seems contradictory to extend freedom of speech to extremists who ... if successful, ruthlessly suppress the speech of those with whom they disagree." Rosenfeld points out that Western European democracies and the US have opposite approaches to the question of tolerance of hate speech <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech>, in that where most Western European nations place legal penalties on the circulation of extremely intolerant or fringe political materials (e.g. Holocaust denial <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_denial>) as being inherently socially disruptive or inciting of violence, the US has ruled that such materials are in and of themselves protected by the principle of freedom of speech and thus immune to restriction, except when calls to violence or other illegal activities are explicitly and directly made. Criticism of violent intolerance against instances of intolerant speech is characteristic of *discourse ethics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_ethics>* as developed by Jürgen Habermas <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas> and Karl-Otto Apel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Otto_Apel>. However, where the society lives selfishly, for the self alone, calling all as ZERO, shall end in disaster, destroying the whole society, irretrievably. KR IRS 30 6 23 On Fri, 30 Jun 2023 at 07:27, 'N Sekar' via iyer123 < [email protected]> wrote: > > > > > Sent from Yahoo Mail on Android > <https://mail.onelink.me/107872968?pid=nativeplacement&c=Global_Acquisition_YMktg_315_Internal_EmailSignature&af_sub1=Acquisition&af_sub2=Global_YMktg&af_sub3=&af_sub4=100000604&af_sub5=EmailSignature__Static_> > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/585038331.686504.1688135223487%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/585038331.686504.1688135223487%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. 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