Q2 COLD BLOODED ANIMAL SURVIVAL IN COLD Invertebrates (animals without backbones) and vertebrate fish, amphibians and reptiles, are said to be ‘cold-blooded’ because their body temperature changes with that of their surroundings. Low temperatures make it difficult for these creatures to remain active in winter – so what happens to them?
Snakes, lizards, frogs, toads and newts slow down all their body processes almost to a stop in very cold weather. This is known as diapause and in this state the animals use up just a small amount of their store of body fat and can survive for some weeks, barely alive. They hide away in the winter under stones, logs, in compost heaps, old mouse burrows – all sorts of places where they may be safe from hungry predators. Many invertebrates hide themselves away too. Some adult minibeasts die at the end of the summer but their eggs, larvae or pupae spend the winter hidden away, ready to continue their life-cycle when the spring arrives. Most female spiders, for example, die after laying eggs in the autumn, leaving their eggs in a fluffy, whitish cocoon, tucked away under a log or in a corner of a building. Thousands of tiny spiders are released from the cocoon in the spring. Some species of invertebrates overwinter, often as adults, in a state called torpor. They find somewhere secluded, perhaps under a log, stone or in a hole, and stay there throughout the cold months. Special chemicals are released into their body fluids to prevent them from freezing, in the way that antifreeze works in the radiator of a car. Many caterpillars, some butterflies, slugs, snails, queen wasps and bumblebees spend the winter in this way. Ladybirds often overwinter in colonies in thick hollow stems, amongst leaf litter, around window and door edges, under logs and many other sheltered corners such as the corner of a garden shed. Take care not to disturb sleeping ladybirds if you find them when tidying up the garden; in the spring they will wake up and begin eating aphid pests which will also have reappeared. The most interesting thing that was discovered back in the 1960s which is that there are fish in the Antarctic that create antifreeze and that's how they live in very cold temperatures. Because the crazy thing about the sea is that it doesn't actually freeze until -1.9 degrees centigrade whereas normally water freezes at zero, we know that. But it's because of those salts and the various impurities in seawater that means that ocean temperatures can get extremely low indeed especially down there in the Southern Ocean. And so these Antarctic cod it was discovered that they have glycoproteins in their blood. That means that their tissues their fluids inside them don't freeze until -2 degrees centigrade, so they are safe in the sea. The glycoproteins work in a very clever way by actually attaching to the surface of small ice crystals by plugging gaps if you like between them. And that stops them from getting any bigger so the fish themselves don't actually freeze despite the fact that they are subzero in temperatures and that's really rather cool. But then there are other reasons why they don't actually manage to swim around all the time and they are affected to some extent by what temperature there is and what's going on in the environment. Because it was discovered last year that some fish in the Antarctic hibernate. The first fish that were shown to actually slow down, slow their heart rate, slow their movements when it's very cold and dark. And that could actually be because it's dark and they need to be able to see to be able to catch their food. So, in fact what they do is say, "Okay fine we'll have a bit of rest while we can't find our food and wake up when it gets warmer and lighter." Snakes, lizards, frogs, toads and newts slow down all their body processes almost to a stop in very cold weather. This is known as diapause and in this state the animals use up just a small amount of their store of body fat and can survive for some weeks, barely alive. Most animals that migrate and hibernate are warm-blooded, but most birds and mammals don't hibernate or migrate. Instead, they have other mechanisms that protect against harsh winter conditions. Some, such as chipmunks and squirrels, add an extra layer of fat to help insulate their bodies from the cold. Not all cold-blooded animals can survive the harsh extreme of freezing themselves. Instead, some rely on finding warmer places to wait out the winter. Here, their body temperatures decrease but remain above the freezing point. Many go underground or burrow into the ground below the depth at which the ground freezes. In short, either there is death or survival and not internal organs freezing and all. Survival is better learnt by the 5 senses than the 6 senses. Inaccurate facts shall be avoided. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Q4 What is the icecream to do with the personal and task quarrel? For the author many appear as GOD to prostrate,so let him do it. Generally no one will take the task quarrel so seriously, unless they are villains of the first order , as we see in the group. All seriousness will arise, only when there is a loser, who cannot rebuild the task, as the limitations would end, for survival. Is there any TATA who is worried about the loss of 10000 rupees? Because he is in surplus. Doctor has suppressed something else remaining untold. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Q6&7 The purana on black cat is so funny. Black cats are no different than any other cat. By adopting a black cat you have the opportunity to help put an end to misconceptions. Friends and family who may view black cats negatively will visit your home and see for themselves how wrong they have been in their attitude toward these beautiful and loving. End.Monkeys, ground squirrels, birds, insects, and many fish can see a fairly good range of color. In some cases it's not as good as what we humans see - but it's much better than cats and dogs. Scientists say that good color vision helps animals find food on the land or in the water. KR IRS 29723 On Sat, 29 Jul 2023 at 01:13, 'gopala krishnan' via Thatha_Patty < [email protected]> wrote: > *CULTURAL QA 07-2023-29* > > Q1 What is the largest cruise ship built and when? How many > passengers can it hold at once? > > A1 Rebecca Williams, knows about boats and ships Mon > > *The largest cruise ship ever built is Wonder of the Seas, a 236,857-ton > vessel that belongs to Royal Caribbean International*. > > *It was delivered in January 2022 after being* constructed at the > Chantiers de l’Atlantique shipyard in Saint-Nazaire, France, over three > years. > > *It is slightly larger than its four sister ships, Oasis of the Seas, > Allure of the Seas, Harmony of the Seas, and Symphony of the Seas, which > were previously the world’s largest cruise ships.* > > *Wonder of the Seas is 1,188 feet (362 meters) long and 210 feet (64 > meters) wide.* It has 18 decks and eight on board neighbour hoods, each > with its own theme and attractions. Some of the features include the > tallest slide at sea, a 10-deck-high zip line, a Central Park with over > 20,000 plants, a Boardwalk with a carousel and an aqua theater, and a Royal > Promenade with shops and bars. > > *The ship can accommodate up to 6,988 passengers and 2,200 crew members*. > It has 2,867 staterooms, ranging from cozy interior cabins to luxurious > suites with balconies and private hot tubs. The ship also offers a variety > of dining options, from casual buffets and cafes to fine-dining restaurants > and specialty cuisines. > > *Wonder of the Seas made its debut voyage from Fort Lauderdale, Florida, > to the Caribbean on March 4, 2022.* It will operate five- to seven-night > cruises to various ports of call in the Caribbean until May 2022. Then it > will relocate to Europe and launch Western Mediterranean cruises from > Barcelona and Rome in May 2022. > > *The Wonder of the Seas is a remarkable achievement of engineering and > design* that offers an unparalleled cruise experience to its guests. It > is the ultimate floating city that combines entertainment, adventure, > relaxation, and discovery in one amazing ship. > > Q2 How can some reptiles and amphibians be cold-blooded but still > survive in very cold climates? > > A2 Gary Meaney, author of Zoology's Greatest Mystery (2022)Wed > > Despite their reputation as tropical, basking creatures, an amazing > variety of reptiles and amphibians call the coldest northerly regions of > our planet home. > > *Here, they have to endure impossibly low temperatures for months on end.* > These boreal species thrive, nevertheless, thanks to an arsenal of some of > the most extreme protective adaptations in the animal kingdom. > > *When temperatures plummet, water starts to freeze,* and unfortunately, > animal bodies are largely made of water. In these conditions, sharp, > bristling ice crystals will begin to form within organisms’ very cells, > wreaking traumatic damage at a microscopic level. Amphibians are > particularly at risk, as their soft, porous skin easily allows the ingress > of ice. > > Despite this, the wood frog (the most famous cold-tolerant amphibian) can > survive for extended periods while two thirds of the water in its body is > frozen solid! > > To defend against the ill effects of ice formation in the body, *the wood > frog and its brethren use a variety of chemicals which fall under the > umbrella term of cryoprotectants. One example is glycerol, a versatile type > of alcohol that has anti-freeze properties. During ice formation, water > molecules start bonding together. Glycerol in the cells bonds strongly with > the water molecules first, thus becoming a barrier to freezing*. > > Though the wood frog is impressively enduring, the cold tolerance of its > cousin the Japanese tree frog are even more mind-blowing. Brumating > Japanese tree frogs have been recorded living through 120 days of > continuous temperatures of less than -30 degrees Celsius! > > In these cripplingly low temperatures, an organism requires vastly more > energy than normal to remain in operation. Ironically, the > cold-bloodedness of these reptiles and amphibians actually works in their > favour here, as it *means they are able to slow their metabolisms down > drastically. Even still, the effects take their toll. Over the course of > each winter, wood frogs lose about 80% of their body fat!* > > *Cold-tolerant reptiles and amphibians are unique in that they have vast > reserves of glycogen inside their livers. Glycogen is the storage form of > glucose, the primary source of energy for all anim*als. These glycogen > stockpiles are critical for meeting the absurdly high demand for glucose > during frigid times. > > Let’s now take a look at a reptile which is no stranger to a deep chill, > the painted turtle. > > As aquatic creatures, painted turtles typically brumate underwater during > the winter. Their ponds, of course, soon freeze over, and the turtles > become ice-locked. So how do they breathe? Well, they don’t. Every single > year, the painted turtle simply holds its breath for up to 170 days. It > might seem impossible, but it’s not. Animals can produce energy using > either of two processes, only one of which requires oxygen. > > *The other, termed anaerobic respiration, has a number of downsides. The > biggest is that it produces a byproduct: lactic acid. Since the ice-*locked > turtles can only respire anaerobically, lactic acid starts to build up in > their bodies rapidly, and this is bad. *To combat this, the shell of the > painted turtle contains extraordinarily high levels of carbonate, which > acts as a buffer, resisting the burgeoning acidity.* This species has the > highest carbonate concentration of any animal on Earth! > > The final method of cold-tolerance we see in reptiles is communal sleeping. > Looking at a red-sided garter snake, you’d never think them to be the > cuddly type. Nevertheless, like penguins huddling together in a snowstorm, > they spend their winter brumation period all piled on top of each other! > It’s a very effective way of staying warm. Also, interestingly enough, > their primary prey source is that first frosty friend we met, the wood frog. > > *Believe it or not, I am still yet to name the reptile/amphibian who > boasts the most impressive fortitude against the cold of all*. That would > be the Siberian salamander, an unbelievably durable creature which roams > the Arctic tundra. In this brutal habitat, the soil is what’s called > permafrost, i.e. permanently frozen. > > *Siberian salamanders have been found buried in permafrost, 14 metres > below the ground*, for years! When they are retrieved, they thaw, revive, > and simply walk off! It’s hard to even comprehend how this is possible. > Furthermore, they have been shown to survive for extended periods at -55 > degrees Celsius! This makes this species the indisputable champions of the > cold-resistant amphibian world. > > *So, that was a whirlwind tour of a handful of the multitudinous ways > reptiles and amphibians beat the chill, against all odds. Clearly, these > animals aren’t simply beasts of the heat*. They can go months on end > while practically frozen solid, without any oxygen, and emerge unscathed in > the spring. Hope you guys enjoyed this answer, thank you very much for > reading! And, as always, have a great day. > > Q3 Which is the heavier metal, gold or lead? > > A3 Erika Fernandez, Works at Freelancer, Novelist, Writer Wed > > *Gold and Lead are often compared for their weight and density*. To > answer this question, we need to understand what weight and density mean, > and how they are measured for different metals. > > The weight of a metal depends on how much of it you have and where you > measure it. *For example, a kilogram of gold will weigh more on Earth > than on the Moon, because Earth has stronger gravity than the Moon.* But > a kilogram of lead will also weigh more on Earth than on the Moon, by the > same amount. > > The density of a metal depends only on its type and structure, not on how > much of it you have or where you measure it. For example, *a cubic > centimeter of gold will have the same density on Earth as on the Moon, > because it is made of the same material and has the same atomic arrangement* > . > > So, to compare gold and lead, we need to compare their densities, not > their weights. According to Wikipedia, gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm^3, > while lead has a density of 11.34 g/cm^3. > > This means that gold is much denser than lead, almost twice as dense. So a > piece of gold will have more mass than a piece of lead of the same size. > > Now which is the heavier metal, gold or lead? *The answer is that gold is > heavier than lead*, if we compare them by density. Gold has more mass per > unit volume than lead, which makes it denser and heavier. > > Q4 What is the basic knowledge that every individual should have? > > A4 Tiny Nair, Cardiologist at PRS Hospital, Trivandrum2y > > As you slowly peel the cover of the cup of ‘Haagen-Dazs’ ice-cream at > 35,000 Ft. above the ground, cruising at Mach 0.8, somewhere midway between > Munich and Stuttgart, watching the clouds below from your window seat of > the A380; don’t just thank the ‘Emirates’ flight attendant; thank the two > persistently quarrelling brothers from Dayton, Ohio; known locally as the > ‘Bishops Boys’. > > *While the world salutes the Wright brothers, Oliver and Wilbur, for the > first airplane in 1903*, the locals knew them for the bitter fights that > they, had all day long. > > Starting with a printing press in their garage, they shifted to cycle > repair, then cycle manufacturing and gasoline motors; but the relentless > quarrel between the brothers continued, as did their innovations. What > people didn’t know, or care to know, was the fact that the *brothers were > extremely closely bonded at personal level; their quarrel only at a task > level.* > > At night they happily had their dinner and slept. No personal conflict; > just task conflict. ‘Task’ conflict versus ‘personal’ conflict. > > Most teenage daughters believe that their moms are unnecessarily strict > about everything, from a tidy room to a conservative dress; *while all > moms know that their daughters are undisciplined and lack safety concerns.* > > The result is - > > * ‘I think my mom hates me, she criticises everything that I do’* > > * ‘My daughter is concerned only about her friends; she hardly cares about > me’* > > While the ‘clean room’ or a ‘change-of-dress’ is a task conflict; it ends > up in personal conflict; the transition is so seamless, that it is not > noticeable to the opposing sides; but at the end, may result in an unhappy > family. > > Home to Office > > ‘I am working so hard in my office; I am always on time; but my boss > seems unhappy even with some small mistakes’ is often a situation where the > boss is looking at the task and employee at the personal conflict. > > *Task conflict is universal, since each one of us do things differently; > our expectations, level of perfection and the end-product might be > different.* Accept it at that level. If you imbibe it as a personal > conflict, not just the ‘task’ gets deranged, but the ‘personal’ bond is > likely to fail. > > And this is one situation where ‘Fevicol’ seems not to work. > > If those two quarrelling brothers had not drawn a clear line between task > conflict and personal conflict; you would have been taking the trip on a > horseback, like Marco Polo. > > Don’t equate task conflict to personal conflict.Its not worth the Haagan > Dazs. > > My note- What a beautiful narration with simple comparison. I like the > creative mind of the best doctor who is also a best writer. > > Q5 Why do airlines charge for flight cancellations? > > A5 Vishnu Ravi,Aerospace Engineer | Aviation Enthusiast & > Content Creator11h > > Unlock the reasons behind airlines charging for flight cancellations, and > discover why these fees make sense: > > Non-Refundable Tickets: Airlines often offer non-refundable tickets, > primarily catering to vacation travelers. Conversely, business travelers > may find more flexibility with refundable tickets, as their plans tend to > change frequently. > > Revenue Protection: Airlines rely heavily on ticket sales to sustain > their operations. When a passenger cancels a flight, the airline loses > potential revenue from that seat. To balance this, cancellation fees come > into play, ensuring their business stays on track. > > Operational Costs: The process of canceling a flight involves > administrative work and possibly rebooking passengers on alternative > flights. To offset these operational expenses, airlines implement > cancellation fees. > > Demand Management: Charging cancellation fees serves another essential > purpose—it discourages passengers from last-minute cancellations. By > doing so, airlines can better manage their seat inventory and optimize > revenue streams > > *Keep in mind that cancellation fees vary across different airlines and > ticket types*. Some airlines do offer full refunds or allow passengers to > rebook their flights within a limited timeframe. Additionally, in response > to the COVID-19 pandemic, many airlines have adjusted their change and > cancellation policies, granting passengers more flexibility in these > challenging times. > > Q6 Why are black cats so special? > > A6 Animal Lover | Dog Lover | Cat Lover | Loving Husband May 12 > > *Black cats have been a part of human culture for thousands of years, and > have been the subject of many myths, legends, and superstitions*. > > While some people view black cats as bad luck or symbols of evil, others > see them as special and even magical. In this article, we will explore > some of the reasons why black cats are considered to be so special. > > One reason that black cats are considered special is because of their > unique appearance. Black cats have a sleek and elegant look that is both > mysterious and captivating. Their black fur is often associated with > darkness, mystery, and the unknown, which can make them seem alluring and > enchanting. > > Another reason that black cats are considered special is because of their > association with Halloween and other spooky events. Black cats have long > been associated with witches and other supernatural beings, and are often > featured in Halloween decorations and imagery. This association with the > supernatural can make black cats seem mysterious and powerful. > > *Black cats are also considered special because of their role in various > cultures and traditions*. In some cultures, black cats are seen as good > luck, while in others they are considered bad luck or omens of death. In > Japanese culture, for example, black cats are believed to bring good luck > and fortune to their owners, while in some European cultures they are > seen as symbols of evil or witchcraft. > > > > Despite their reputation for being bad luck, black cats are actually among > the least likely to be adopted from animal shelters, which makes them > special in their own way. This may be due in part to the superstitions > surrounding black cats, or to their association with Halloween and other > spooky events. *However, many people who have adopted black cats report > that they are just as loving and affectionate as cats of other colors.* > > In addition to their unique appearance and cultural significance, black > cats are also special because of their personality traits. *Many people > who have owned black cats report that they are intelligent, curious, and > affectionate*. They are also known for being independent and > self-sufficient, which can make them great pets for people who lead busy > lives. > > In conclusion, black cats are considered special for a variety of reasons, > including their unique appearance, cultural significance, and personality > traits. While they may be associated with superstitions and myths, many > people who own black cats find them to be loving, affectionate, and > intelligent pets. Whether you believe in their supernatural powers or > simply appreciate their beauty and personality, there is no denying that > black cats are truly special creatures. > > Q7 How do black cats know they are black? > > A7 Animal Lover | Dog Lover | Cat Lover | Loving Husband Jul 20 > > The question of how black cats know they are black may seem unusual at > first, but it provides an opportunity to explore the fascinating science > behind color perception in animals. *While cats don't have the cognitive > ability to understand the concept of color in the same way humans do, they > are still aware of their physical appearance in various ways.* > > *To understand how black cats know they are black, it is important to > explore the underlying biology of color vision*. > > *Cats, like most mammals, possess a visual system that is specialized for > perceiving motion and detecting small objects*. While their color vision > is not as advanced as that of humans, they still have some ability to > perceive different colors. > > *In mammals, including cats, the perception of color is primarily > determined by specialized cells in the retina called cones*. Cones are > responsible for detecting different wavelengths of light, which are then > processed by the brain to create the perception of color. Humans have > three types of cones, allowing us to perceive a wide range of colors, while > cats have only two types of cones, making their color vision more limited. > > *The two types of cones in cats are sensitive to short-wavelength (blue) > and long-wavelength (green) light. This means that cats are dichromats, > perceiving* the world in shades of blue and green, rather than the full > spectrum of colors that humans can see. As a result, cats do not have the > ability to perceive the color black as a distinct entity. > > *However, this does not mean that black cats are unaware of their own > color*. Cats have other visual cues and sensory information that allow > them to perceive and recognize their physical appearance. For example, they > have a highly developed sense of touch, which allows them to feel the > texture and length of their fur. *They can also see contrasts in light > and shadow, which help them differentiate between their fur color and the > surrounding environment.* > > *Additionally, cats rely on their keen sense of smell and hearing to > navigate and recognize other cats.* They use scent-marking and > vocalizations to communicate with one another, which helps establish social > hierarchies and recognize individuals. While scent and sound may not > directly relate to color perception, they play a significant role in how > cats recognize and interact with each other. > > F*urthermore, cats are highly visual animals, and they are known for > their grooming behavior. Grooming not only helps cats keep their fur clean > and free from parasites* but also allows them to maintain a certain > appearance. Cats often groom themselves meticulously, using their tongues > to clean every part of their bodies. Through grooming, cats may indirectly > become aware of the color of their fur, including black. > > *It is also important to mention that cats can sense differences in > temperature and light reflection, which can provide them with additional > information about their fur color*. For instance, black fur absorbs more > heat from sunlight compared to lighter-colored fur. Cats may be able to > perceive this difference in temperature and use it as a cue to recognize > their fur color. > > While cats may not have a conscious understanding of the concept of color, > they are still aware of their physical appearance through various sensory > cues. They rely on their sense of touch, sight, smell, and hearing to > navigate their world and interact with other cats. While they may not > specifically recognize themselves as being "black," they have ways of > perceiving and recognizing their own unique characteristics. > > In conclusion, the question of how black cats know they are black > highlights the fascinating biology of color perception in animals. Cats, > like many mammals, have limited color vision compared to humans but possess > other sensory cues that allow them to be aware of their physical > appearance. While they may not understand the concept of color in the same > way humans do, cats rely on their senses to recognize their fur color and > distinguish themselves from their surroundings. > > *All the above QA are from Quora website on 29-07- 2023.* > > *Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers .* > > *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan, on 29-07-2023* > > > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "Thatha_Patty" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/1600423532.4708819.1690618380344%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/1600423532.4708819.1690618380344%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. 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