India has given us many reasons to be proud of. From greatest scholars like Aryabhata, Homi J. Bhabha, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam to eminent scientists like CV Raman, Satyendra Nath Bose, Meghnad Saha and many more. India is witness to numerous stories of achievements and inventions that made difference around the globe. Not just this, it has given its contributions in the fields of astronomy, architecture, metallurgy, logic, cartography, mathematics, medicine, mineralogy, automobile engineering, communications, information technology, space research, and polar technology, etc. Right from the discovery of ‘zero’ by Aryabhata to the use of flush toilets to other modern technologies, we come across several inventions and discoveries in India, which are accepted by everyone all across the globe, and for which we should be proud.
*We present below some of such well-known inventions and discoveries which are accepted universally, though many of them may not be aware of its origin:* - *Zero and the number system:* It was around 458 AD, the concept of zero first appeared in India. Hindu astronomer and mathematician named Aryabhata was the first person to create a symbol for zero and it was through his efforts, that mathematical operations like addition and subtraction started using zero. For the first time, zero became globally recognized as a number of its own. Also, the number system that we use today with decimal place-value and zero was also invented in India between the 1st and 6th centuries, as clearly mentioned in Aryabhata’s Bakhshali manuscript. - *Buttons:* Excavations in Mohenjodaro of Indus Valley Civilisation revealed the existence of buttons, which were used by the people at that time not for fastening but for ornamental purposes. Buttons were thus invented in India and they were made of shells with two holes at the centre. - *Prefabricated home and movable structure:* It is said that during Akbar’s rule in India, there was the existence of the prefabricated and movable structures. They were first invented in the 16th century in India during the Mughal rule. - *Natural fibres:* The varied natural fibres like wool and cotton originated in India. Prior to this, the Greeks used to wear animal skin. During the 5th–4th millennium BCE in the Indus Valley Civilization, people started cotton and jute cultivation. India then invented the art of cotton spinning and later it was converted to fabric. It is also said that cashmere wool, derived from the Kashmir goats, was made in Kashmir first. Even today, cashmere shawls and woolens have maintained their richness and exclusivity. - *Cataract surgery:* The first cataract surgery was performed by the ancient Indian physician Sushruta, way back in the 6th century BCE. To remove the cataract from the eyes, he pushed the lens and used a curved needle to remove it, which were then kept immersed in warm butter for a few days till they were healed completely. Many people from various other countries came to India to seek treatment from Sushruta. His surgical works were later translated into the Arabic language and got transported to the European countries. - *Some medical treatments:* Indians were the first to identify leprosy and many remedies for this disease were found in the Atharva Veda. The treatment of removing stones or the lithiasis treatment was first introduced in India. Historical studies have shown that in the 8th century, a well-known scholar Madhav mentioned the symptoms and ways of immunization against small pox. We also have heard that the two ancient and alternative methods of treatment still popular, Ayurveda and Siddha, originated in India. They are still used for holistic healing. It was the ancient rishis and munis of India who mastered this method of treatment. Upendra Nath Bramhachari, a Nobel prize nominee and Indian medical practitioner, invented methods to treat visceral leishmaniasis or kala azar or black fever. - *Radio/wireless communication:* In 1909, Guglielmo Marconi received the Nobel Prize in Physics, for his efforts in the development of wireless telegraphy. But, not many know that it was Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose who made the first public demonstration of radio communication waves in 1895, two years before Marconi’s demonstration in England. More than a century later, Sir Bose was posthumously credited for his achievement, which truly shaped the face of modern wireless communication. - *Shampoo:* We use the word “champo” for head massage even today. The Nawabs of Bengal around 1762 during the Mughal rule, used head massage oil which was referred to as champo. The word shampoo is derived from champo. Over the years, the champo oil got evolved into shampoo. - *Diamonds:* Do you know that diamonds were first discovered in India? Huge deposits of diamonds were found in the midst of the alluvial deposits along the rivers Krishna and Godavari in central India. They were mined from there almost 5,000 years ago. Gradually, they were developed into precious stones as mentioned in various ancient Indian books. Till the 18th century, India was the only country where diamonds were found and later on these sparkling stones were found in the mines of Brazil. - *Rockets:* It was in the 1780s, Tipu Sultan, ruler of the South Indian Kingdom of Mysore, and his father Hyder Ali first made use of iron-cased and metal-cylinder rockets against the large British East India Company’s forces during the Anglo-Mysore Wars. So the first invention of rockets started in India. - *First flush:* The remains and the historical studies of the Indus Valley Civilisation that existed in India over 5,000 years ago, revealed how India at that time had created highly advanced canals, along with irrigation, water management, and sewage systems. The world’s first flush toilets were also discovered in most homes in the Indus Valley Civilisation, which is supposed to be the largest ancient civilisation in the world. - *Steel and metal works:* Indians were also the pioneers in metallurgy. Sounds strange, isn’t it? But as a matter of fact, high-quality steel was produced in India almost 2,000 years back, much before it was used in the West. A seamless celestial globe was also invented for the first time in Kashmir, which is till today considered as one of the most remarkable achievements in metallurgy. Prior to this, it was considered impossible to make a globe made of metal without seams. - *Systematic organized education system:* How can we forget our ancient Taxila, Nalanda, and other universities which introduced a systematic education system? Residential schooling or schools with hostels or in ancient terminology “Gurukul” also started in India, where a single teacher taught several students at a time. These were a few of the many inventions and discoveries that took place in India and are now universally accepted. Other contributions of India to the world includes Chess, snakes and ladders, basmati rice, yoga, Sanskrit, Ayurveda, water on the moon, plastic surgery, binary system, ink, Fibonacci numbers, fiber optics, USB, and many more. As a matter of fact, the list is quite long to cover all ancient inventions and discoveries made in India. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Associative learning is an experience where multiple exogenous signals are jointly acquired through sensory systems. Associative memory involves the integration and storage of these associated signals in nerve cells, whose achievement can be proved by memory retrieval (recall and representation) via behaviors. Associative learning and memory is a common form of information storage for cognition throughout life. In associative learning and memory, characteristic signals of each object or an environment are detected by distinct sensory modalities and cortices. These cross-modal signals are integrated for their associative storages. For instance, an orange is detected by the olfactory system for aromatic odor, the visual system for shape and color, the taste system for sweetness, the auditory system for name and so on. After associative memory forms, one of these signals induces the recall of other associated signals, and these signals are retrieved reciprocally, i.e., a signal induces the recall of its associated signals, or the other way around. How do sensory cortices integrate these signals, during initial associative learning, for associative storage, such that individuals can describe the object or environmental features? How are these associatively stored signals retrieved distinguishably in the brain? Although plasticity in the strength of synaptic connections and neuron activity is presumably a cellular mechanism for learning and memory 5 <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5806053/#ref-5>– 8 <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5806053/#ref-8>, the potentiation or depression of synaptic and neuronal activities in a pathway cannot account for the integrative storage of associated signals. Current reports show that nerve cells are reformed to be associative memory cells based on new synapse innervations from co-activated sensory cortices for the integrative storage of associated signals. And Vedas were memorized only by mixing the words front and back which was LOCUS THEN; AFTER ALLLOCI AROSE FROM THE LOCUS AND ONLY BY LOCOI SHOES FRIENDS IN 2020. Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Q5 Unnecessary thinking, non-focus in action etc; all are the same; but that characters are ridden all over the earth. (90% of the people exist only with these brackets. I used to say that there are people who always worry, why there is such worry for today. Psychology says: A thought is a *representation *of something. A representation is a likeness—a thing that depicts another thing by having characteristics that correspond to that other thing. For example, a picture, image, imprint, or Mold of an object is a representation of that object. A map is another example of a representation. The mind is a kind of map. The brain, and its functional product the mind, evolved as a map of the body’s relation to its external environment. Fundamentally, our thoughts are maps representing and corresponding to things that our brains have either perceived with our senses, felt with our emotions, or formed as an action plan (e.g. forming an image of reaching for a ripe fruit on a tree branch). All of these are electrochemically mediated processes. Thoughts may be fleeting, or they may later be consolidated as memories. Memory too is a physical process, encoded by structural molecular changes in neuronal connections. Sensory perceptions and their memories are physical representations or maps, imprinted by an event; Let’s consider how sensory perceptions are transduced by the sense organs into neural signals:1 Imagine hearing a clap of thunder that surprises and frightens you. The sound of the thunderclap is transformed from a specific pattern of sound waves in the air, to a corresponding pattern of vibrations transmitted through your eardrum and the small bones in your middle ear to your cochlea, to a corresponding pattern of electrochemical impulses along the auditory nerve, to corresponding signals in neurons in the auditory cortex and association cortex. It also activates fear <https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/basics/fear> circuitry, relayed via the amygdala, and perhaps also visual circuitry that records what you saw at that moment. Signals are transmitted between neurons by chemical neurotransmitters. The entire widely distributed network activated throughout the cerebral cortex by this stimulus *is *the experience at that moment. Thus, 100% of weird thinking, of which, 90% happens only because, thinking process is carried out, immethodically, so blunt ends repetitively, without even focus, ending in a kind of road block. KR IRS 5 9 23 On Mon, 4 Sept 2023 at 19:13, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 < [email protected]> wrote: > *CULTURAL QA 09-2023-04* > > *Q1 What are some interesting facts which are not commonly known?* > > *A1 Krishna Kamat, May 8* > > *The first compass was invented by the Chinese** sometime around the 1st > century.* > > *The first mobile phone was invented in the United** States.* > > *The first fire extinguisher was invented in England** in 1723 by Ambrose > Godfrey,* > > *German engineer (Gottlein Daimler) is the man credited with inventing the > first ever motorcycle.* > > *QR codes were invented by Toyota subsidiary** Denso Wave in Japan in > 1994.* > > *The stethoscope was invented in 1816 by the French physician** Rene > Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec.* > > *The earliest thermometer was invented in 1593 by the Italian scientist > Galileo Galilei.* > > *The most significant invention from India is the “zero” without which > mathematics couldn’t exist**.* > > *Q2 When and who has written the actual Hanuman Chalisa?* > > *A2 Maitreyee Sharma,Jul 24* > > * The actual Hanuman Chalisa was written by Tulsidas. But there is an > interesting story that really stands out.* > > *Did you know that Tulsidas wrote Hanuman Chalisa countless number of > times. But whenever he finishes his writing, the next day it **automatically > gets erased**. This continues many times, and at last Tulsidas unable to > keep his suspicion and confusion about it, prayed to Hanumanji. Then > Hanuman told him that his Praise can't be written without praising his > Bhagwan Ram before.* > > *So Tulsidas wrote the first line of Hanuman** Chalisa “Shri Guru Charan > saroj raj nij man mukut shudhari, barnau raghuveer bimala jaisu Jo dayaku > fal chari”* > > *Q3 What's the best brain hack you know?* > > *A3 Venzil Lawrence, Human Psychology and Behaviour Updated Aug 17* > > *Ever heard about “Method of Loci” ?* > > *Imagine you're trying to remember a long list of items, like a grocery > list.* > > *Now, you could keep repeating the items to yourself, hoping you won't > forget any. Or you could use the Method of Loci, a technique dating back to > ancient Greece.* > > *Here's how it works:* > > *Imagine a familiar place, like your home.* > > *Now, associate each item on your list with a specific spot in that place**. > Let's say you want to remember to buy milk, eggs, and bread.* > > *You might visualize a carton of milk by your front door, eggs on the > living room couch, and a loaf of bread in the kitchen sink.* > > *When you're at the store, just mentally walk through your familiar > place...* > > *Now as you "visit" each spot, the associated item will pop into your mind**. > It's like creating a mental map that guides you through the list.* > > *This technique taps into your brain's knack for remembering locations and > visuals**. It's a bit like turning your memory into a guided tour of your > mind palace…. It might sound a tad quirky, but it can be surprisingly > effective.* > > *So, the next time you're trying to remember a bunch of things, consider > taking a mental stroll through your own mental space… Give it a try and see > how it works for you!* > > *Q4 Which substance cannot be melted by lava?* > > *A4 Silk Road, AI Expert14h* > > *Lava is a mixture of molten rock and minerals that can have different > temperatures and compositions depending on where it comes from.* > > *For example, the lava that erupts from Hawaii's Kilauea volcano is much > hotter and more fluid than the lava that erupts from Mount St. Helens in > Washington state.* > > *But let's assume you're talking about the hottest and most common type of > lava, which is called basalt.* > > *Basalt lava can reach temperatures of up to 2,200°F (1,200°C) when it > erupts. **That's hot** enough to melt many materials in our trash, such > as food scraps, paper, plastics, glass and some metals**.* > > *But not all materials are created equal.* > > *Some substances have much higher melting points than lava, which means > they can resist its heat and stay solid.* > > *Steel, nickel and iron have melting points above 2,600°F (1,400°C). So if > you throw a steel knife or a nickel coin into a lava flow, they will not > melt.* *They might get red-hot and glow, but they will remain intact.* > > *Tungsten has a melting point of 6,192°F (3,422°C), which is the highest > of any metal.* > > *And diamond has a melting point of 7,280°F (4,000°C), which is the > highest of any natural material**. So if you're looking for something > that cannot be melted by lava, these are your best bets.* > > *There are also some materials that do not have a melting point at all.** > These are called amorphous solids, which means they do not have a regular > crystal structure like most solids do.* > > *Instead, they have a random arrangement of atoms or molecules that makes > them behave like liquids when heated. Examples of amorphous solids include > glass, rubber and wax.* > > *So what happens when you heat an amorphous solid?* > > *It does not melt like a normal solid. Instead, it softens and becomes > more viscous until it eventually flows like a liquid.* > > *This process is called glass transition or vitrification**. So > technically speaking, an amorphous solid cannot be melted by lava either. > It can only be transformed into another state of matter.* > > *My note- Very informative answer* > > *Q5 What are the Habits that are damaging your mental health > slowly* > > *A5 Elia Juniana,20h* > > *Overthinking about everything.* > > *Being stuck for a girl/guy who doesn’t care about you.* > > *Reading and listening to more negative news.* > > *Listening to anything at high volume.* > > *Always shouting**.Too much mobile usage.* > > *Sitting all day and doing nothing.* > > *Stress over unnecessary things.* > > *Wasting your energy over silly things**. Eating lots of junk food.* > > *Not doing exercise. Not having peace in your life.* > > *Lack of concentration**. Not focusing on personal growth.* > > *Following the same routine. More sleeping habits.* > > *Negative thinking**. Ignoring and not taking care of yourself.Not > being creative.* > > *My note- Good points.* > > *All the above QA are from Quora DIGEST to me on 04 -09-2023.* > > *Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers.* > > *Compiled and posted by R. Gopala Krishnan, 79, on 04-09-2023.* > > > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1740847496.2879063.1693834991598%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1740847496.2879063.1693834991598%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. 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