CULTURAL QA 12202328 Q1 Why is human waste considered an environmental hazard that needs to be cleaned, when every other animal in the world does it anywhere?
KR The view expressed is in correct as per scientific research. All are bad; all are only AMINO ACID AND NITROGEN. And nitrogen is the requirement of the earth. Principal excretory structures Whereas the kidney is the principal organ subserving both nitrogenous excretion and osmotic and ionic regulation in the mammalian body, these functions are not always performed by a single organ in other animals. As indicated earlier, primitive aquatic animals do not require any special provision for nitrogenous excretion. But by reason of their permeable skins, they may have serious problems of osmotic and ionic regulation, especially in fresh water, where cells covering the surface of the body have the ability to actively transport salts into or out of the animal. In some cases, these no kidney regulatory activities are performed by certain specialized cells; e.g., in the gills of fishes (see below Vertebrate excretory systems: Fishes). In other cases, specialized cells are assembled into organs of salt uptake or salt elimination; e.g., the salt glands of birds This dispersal of the regulatory function may be the primitive condition, for it is only in the more highly evolved terrestrial animals that the regulatory function is restricted to an excretory system proper. 2 For the excretory organs of a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, there is evidence that the primary process of urine production is nonselective, in that in those animals all substances dissolved in their body fluids, with the possible exception of proteins, are found in the primary urine. In many animals the primary urine is produced by filtration from the blood. At a later stage, substances in the primary urine that are useful to the body are selectively reabsorbed. In addition, a few substances are known to be actively transported (secreted) into the urine. Invertebrate excretory systems 3 In their detoxification mechanisms, so far as they have been investigated, the invertebrates in general conform to the principles applying to all animals, namely, that aquatic forms get rid of ammonia by diffusion through the surface of the body; terrestrial forms convert ammonia to uric acid. This implies that in aquatic forms the excretory organ is principally of importance for the composition of their body fluids. Normally, the body fluids of marine invertebrates have the same concentration as seawater; they usually differ, however, in the proportions of ions, with relatively more potassium and less magnesium than seawater. Furthermore, their urine normally has the same concentration as seawater, but correspondingly it contains less potassium and more magnesium. In freshwater invertebrates the urine is commonly, though not invariably, more dilute than the body fluids. By producing dilute urine, a freshwater invertebrate conserves the salt content of its body while eliminating the water that enters its body by osmosis through its water-permeable surface. Some invertebrates, notably echinoderms, cnidarians, and sponges, have no organs to which an excretory function can be confidently ascribed. The vast majority of molluscs are aquatic and excrete nitrogen in the form of ammonia. In octopuses, however, nitrogen is excreted as ammonium chloride, which is quite strongly concentrated in the urine. Terrestrial snails and slugs excrete uric acid but may also excrete ammonia when living in moist surroundings. 4 The primary urine, together with soluble products of digestion and insoluble indigestible matter from the midgut, then passes to the rectum. There (or in some insects at an earlier stage) the urine is acidified and the soluble urate is thereby converted to insoluble uric acid, which comes out of solution. Water is then reabsorbed together with the soluble products of digestion and other useful substances, including the bulk of the ions that entered the primary urine. In insects that live in dry surroundings the rectum has remarkable powers of reabsorption, its contents finally being voided as hard, dry pellets containing solid uric acid. Vertebrate excretory systems 5 The kidney and its associated ducts are the excretory system of the mammal, and, as already noted, most of the nitrogenous waste arising in the mammalian body is excreted as urea. Other nitrogenous compounds regularly present in the urine in smaller amounts are uric acid (or the closely related compound allantoin) and creatinine; both of these arise mainly as by-products of the renewal and repair of tissues. 6 In birds, reptiles, and amphibians the kidneys are compact organs, as they are in mammals, but in fishes they are narrow bands of tissue running the length of the body (see below under Evolution of the vertebrate excretory system). In amphibians, as in mammals, the main excretory product is urea. In birds and reptiles, it is uric acid. In most fishes the main excretory product is ammonia.In sharks and rays ammonia is converted to urea, and urea plays an important role in homeostasis. Urea is retained in the blood to such an extent that the blood is slightly more concentrated than seawater. Thus loss of water by osmosis is prevented and these fish have no need to swallow seawater. Any excess of salt in their bodies is removed via the rectal gland, functionally analogous to the salt gland of birds. 7 Studies of the embryonic development of primitive vertebrates, such as the dogfish shark, clearly show that the excretory system arises from a series of tubules, one pair in every segment of the body between the heart and the tail. This continuous series of tubules constitutes the archinephros, the name implying that the kidney of the ancestral vertebrate had some such form as this. Each tubule opens internally to the body cavity and may, in the remote past, have opened separately to the exterior; but in all living vertebrates the tubules open on each side into a longitudinal duct, the archinephric duct. At the posterior end of the body cavity the two archinephric ducts unite before opening to the exterior. Later in development, Bowman’s capsule arises as a diverticulum of each tubule, subsequently becoming indented by the glomerulus. Eventually, the tubules usually lose their internal openings to the body cavity. The most anterior tubules of the archinephros (pronephros) usually degenerate in the adult. 8 Dumps produce contrasting Impacts on individuals and populations using them.• Dumps provide abundant and permanent food, but also increment the risk of pathogens infection and toxics exposure.• Indirectly, dumps may produce negative impacts on species that do not take advantage of these sites.• Dumps may provide food to invasive species and favour the invasion process.• Some threatened species could depend on food provided by dumps. 9 Organic waste can be considered a food subsidy which represents an important source of energy for different species that exploit it. However, it could produce contrasting impacts, both positive and negative. We reviewed which species of terrestrial vertebrates (birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians) exploit rubbish dumps, and the impacts that waste produces on them. We analysed 159 articles including 98 species that are present in rubbish dumps. Studies come from all over the world (including Antarctica), but mainly from Europe, North America and Africa. Impacts reported on vertebrates were manly considered positive (72.6%) but around a quarter showed negative impacts. Rubbish dumps provide food resources that may improve body condition, enhance reproductive performance and abundance, improve survival rate, alter movements, and they can be an important sustenance for some endangered species. However, these places increase the risk of pathogen infections and poisoning, can be responsible for the spread of introduced-invasive species and favour conflicts between humans and animals that use them. Moreover, species that take advantage of these sites can produce negative impacts on others that do not use them. 10 The presence of pathogens in rubbish dumps is very common and could be an important risk to the animals using them. Mammals (dogs, cats, foxes, wolves and monkeys, among others) that congregate at rubbish dumps can acquire pathogens and be potential transmitters of zoonotic diseases. For instance, ingestion of waste (cow meat) from rubbish dumps caused a tuberculosis outbreak and after the decline of scavenger birds in India, dogs predominated in dumps increasing the risk of Rabies and Leptospirosis infection to humans. In animals, the main excretory products are carbon dioxide, ammonia (in ammoniotelic), urea (in ureotelic), uric acid (in uricotelic), guanine (in Arachnida), and creatine. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Q3 How were the differences in time zones first noticed? KR Silk Rd observation is very recent. And have we not studies the time differences in Vedas? I wrote on time long ago So this question of p[resent day does not reveal the truth. ------------------------------------------------------------------ Q4 Why haven't humans learned to take laxatives and use our body waste as compost rather than using animal feces? KR In the ancient days where did we do morning ablutions? And how did it change into manure? KR IRS 28 12 23 ------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- Forwarded message --------- From: 'gopala krishnan' via Thatha_Patty <[email protected]> Date: Thu, 28 Dec 2023 at 12:27 Subject: CULTURAL QA 12-2023-28 To: Patty Thatha <[email protected]>, Iyer < [email protected]>, Kerala Iyer <[email protected]> CULTURAL QA 12-2023-28 All the below QA are from Quora DIGEST to me on 28-12-2023. Selected quora answers generally interesting are included .Still they need not be 100% correct answers. Compiled and posted by R. Gopala Krishnan, 80, former ITS on 28-12-2023. Q1 Why is human waste considered an environmental hazard that needs to be cleaned, when every other animal in the world does it anywhere? A1 Joshua Engel, Worked at The Rude Mechanicals Jun 8 Human waste contains the kinds of bacteria that infect humans. Your immune system has largely adapted to deal with your own personal set of bacteria, but other humans haven’t. Their bacteria can run amok through your body before your immune system has a chance to catch up, which will make you very sick and can be deadly. For the most part, other animals’ bacteria can’t live in humans. Bacteria are really pretty fragile, and require specific conditions. A cow’s digestive tract is very different from yours. Diseases do sometimes jump from one species to another — and when it does, it’s often very bad. COVID and HIV are examples. And note that it still happens anyway. Chickens give us salmonella; cows give us E. coli. This is caused partly by the way in which we raise those animals in vast factory farms, often with antibiotics that cause bacteria to evolve more dangerous forms. Animals out in the wild do give each other diseases all the time. They do get sick and die. Wild animals live much shorter lifespans than pets, and diseases are one reason. My note- Very beautifully explanation. On this account, if a person is having major health problem, particular toilet is used ( eg- Covid period )and more fleshing is done and sanitation items are applied more times. Q2 Is glass actually a liquid, as some people have tried to tell me? A2 Mats Andersson, M Sc. in Physics & Computer Science, Uppsala University (Graduated 1991)Mar 15 Not really. It doesn’t have a crystal structure, which means that theoretically, it might be an incredibly viscous liquid. But we have glass vessels from the Roman Empire that haven’t changed shape in all this time, so it’s not like any flowing would happen even on historical timescales. The idea that old glass in windows has been flowing, and that this is why the panes are thicker at the bottom, is a complete myth. The glassmaking technique for producing sheet glass wasn’t very advanced before the mid-to-late 19th century, so old glass tended to come out a bit uneven in thickness; medieval and early modern glaziers, not being complete idiots even though they lived long ago, put the glass in windows with the thicker end down for better stability. My note- The QA is added for the chemical property of glass- No crystal structure. Probably on this account it breaks often. With fibre glass it is changed and hence used for doors, stove tops etc. Q3 How were the differences in time zones first noticed? A3 Silk Road, AI Expert2h Back in the day, before trains and planes and cars, people didn't really care about time differences. They just used the sun as their clock, and set their watches to noon when the sun was at its highest point in the sky. That worked fine for local stuff, but it got messy when people started traveling long distances. Imagine trying to catch a train that runs on a different time than yours. That would be a nightmare, right? Well, that's exactly what happened to Sir Sandford Fleming, a Canadian engineer who worked on the railways. In 1876, he missed his train because his watch was off by a few minutes from the local time. He was so annoyed by this that he decided to come up with a better system for keeping time around the world. He proposed dividing the globe into 24 time zones, each one hour apart from the next. He based his idea on the fact that the earth rotates once every 24 hours, and there are 360 degrees of longitude, so each hour corresponds to 15 degrees of longitude. He also chose Greenwich, England as the starting point for his time zones, because that's where the prime meridian is located. His idea was pretty brilliant, and it caught on quickly among the railroad companies, who needed a standard way to schedule their trains. In 1883, they adopted Fleming's time zones in North America, and called it "the day of two noons" because some places had to adjust their clocks by more than an hour. A year later, an international conference in Washington D.C. agreed to use Fleming's system worldwide, and established Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) as the universal reference point. Today, most countries use some variation of Fleming's time zones, although some have tweaked them to suit their needs. China has only one time zone for the whole country, even though it should have five. Australia has three time zones, but one of them is half an hour ahead of the others. And some places use daylight saving time to adjust their clocks by an hour during summer or winter. My note- Though I studied green which mean time in middle school, I have least recollection of the incidents told. Before IST, I read elsewhere Chennai time was lesser than an hour of Calcutta time. Q4 Why haven't humans learned to take laxatives and use our body waste as compost rather than using animal feces? A4 Steven Haddock, Studied at York University (Canada)Nov 7 Humans started using their own feces as compost pretty much as soon as agriculture was invented. The practice continued in many places well into the 20th century. However, the practice soon proved to have a lot of drawbacks. Humans in the early agricultural era didn’t know about bacteria, and crops fertilized with human dung often caused outbreaks of disease because those gut bacteria persisted in the soil until they found a new human host. As such, people learned that although it was fine to plant cereal crops, or any plant with a long stalk in such fields, and not to plant carrots or other root crops for at least a year. By that time pathogenic bacteria had usually died out. Because horses, pigs and cows don’t share a lot of gut flora with humans, it was soon found using animal dung had the same effect with fewer drawbacks. It was perfectly safe to use a few acres of land as cattle pasture for a year, then plant the following year. Q5 What is the legend of a married person pretending blind for wife’s happiness? A5 Crystal Ross,5h A man married a beautiful girl. He loved her very much. One day she developed a skin disease. Slowly she started to lose her beauty. It so happened that one day her husband left for a tour. While returning he met with an accident and lost his eyesight. However, their married life continued as usual. But as days passed she lost her beauty gradually. Blind husband did not know this and there was not any difference in their married life. He continued to love her and she also loved him very much. One day she died.Her death brought him a great sorrow. He finished all her last rites and wanted to leave that town. A man from behind called and said, “Now how will you be able to walk all alone? All these days your wife used to help you”. He replied, “I am not blind. I was acting because if she knew l could see her skin condition due to a disease, it would have pained her more than her disease. I didn’t love her for her beauty alone, but I fell in love with her caring and loving nature.So I pretended to be blind. I only wanted to keep her happy”. Moral: When you truly love someone, you will go to any extent to keep your loved one happy and sometimes it is good for us to act blind and ignore one another’s short comings in order to be happy. The Beauty will fade with time, but heart and soul will always be the same.Love the person for what he/she is from inside, not from outside. -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/331846151.2612099.1703746623071%40mail.yahoo.com <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/331846151.2612099.1703746623071%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> . -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. 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