SAGOTRAM PART 2 IN CONTINUATION OF GOTRAM of arr
So, generally such marriages are not traditionally allowed. SUCH BEING
SAGOTRA MARRIAGES. But, according to learned people of yore, if the
relationship between such of the two families under consideration, is after
TEN or Seven (DIFFERENT TEXTS SAY TO AVOID SISTER RELATIONSHIP PROBLEMS.)
generations, then two people belonging to the same Gothra can marry each
other. The exception is not allowance or agreement or Vedic approval, but
the relief as two families wish to unite on certain needs. Before that ONE
MUST KNOW COMBINING THE FAMILIES, WHAT ARE THE PREVIOUS 10 GENERATIONS
NAMES ETC TO VERIFY THE FAR AWAY LENIENCES, MOVED OFF THE REATIONSHIP, BY
WHATSOEVER MANNER. THIS IS HOW THE EXCEPTION IS ALSO MADE SO DIFFICULT TO
ADOPT.
Now deviating to science, a little, there are two types of sex chromosomes
X and Y, this is how they look, now if you take a closer look, the X
chromosome has 4 arms, and Y chromosome has 3 arms.
In case of females if there is defective X chromosome from either parent,
there is a fair chance that the other X chromosome will cover up (reason
why FEMALES are CARRIER of chromosomal defects but are actually not
affected in majority cases), where as in the male progeny there is a chance
that the region required to supplement provide the defective part is
absent. Thus, making them vulnerable when there is a defective X
chromosome. Since Y linked chromosomal disorders cannot be kept away, a
conscious effort was made to avoid X linked disorders and thus the GOTRA
system was introduced to have a better conjugal relationship and healthier
progeny even from small pool of inbreeding population.
Sudras developed their own Gotras based on local kinship but are only
applicable in specific geographical areas in India - and even then, the
dilution would render genetic kinship undetectable. For all ritual purposes
non-Brahmins are given KASHYAPA Gotra –{KR Kashyapa means space and Atithi
means Earth also; and akasam enfolds all unknown hence Kashyapa} which is
also a Brahmin Gotra :-) So Gotra in marriage today has a purely *symbolic
usage an*d is mentioned only as a formality - it has no significance or
value whatsoever.{KR It is as Unknown DNA factor, is avoiding wrong
marriages to a greater extent; It is vbelieved that all descended from some
Rishis as our ancestors and we do not know; as in Nasadiya suktam, a big
doubt is sewn, so too, we follow to the best of our abilities, which might
avoid the wrong processes, granting only a boon.}
Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act bans, among other things, marriage
between a brother and sister, uncle and niece, aunt and nephew, or children
of brother and sister or of two brothers or of two sisters. The marriage is
void, unless the custom of the community permits it. Harmant, who claimed
to be a marine officer, said he had met Hardeep in Amritsar. They married
at an Arya Samaj temple in Mumbai in January 2009. Nine months later, her
family called her home on the pretext that her father was sick.
Subsequently, he wasn't allowed to meet her. Harmant, admitted that she was
his first cousin, and under the law the marriage was void.
Marriages within the gotra ('sagotra' marriages) are not permitted under
the rule of exogamy in the traditional matrimonial system. The compound
word 'sagotra' is a union of the words 'sa' and 'gotra', where 'sa' means
same or similar. It is common practice in preparation for Hindu marriage to
inquire about the kula-gotra (clan lineage) of the bride and groom before
approving the marriage. People within the gotra are considered as siblings
and marrying such a person can lead to higher chances for the child to get
genetically transferred diseases. In almost all Hindu families, marriage
within the same gotra is not practiced (since they are believed to be
descended from the same Lineage). Marriages between different gotras are
encouraged; marriage within the same gotra started to happen later. For
example, Gurjars, Jats and Rajputs have 3000 Gotras and Mudirajas of Andhra
Pradesh and Tamil Nadu have 2600 Gotras. Gotra is always passed on from
father to children among most Hindu communities. However, among the Tulu
people it is passed on from mother to child. The tatsama words 'sahara' and
'sahodari' (sister) derive their roots from the Sanskrit word
'sahodara' (सहोदर)
meaning co-uterine or born of the same womb.
In communities where gotra membership passed from father to
children, marriages were allowed between a woman and her maternal uncle,
while such marriages were forbidden in matrilineal communities, like
Tuluva, where gotra membership was passed down from the mother. A much more
common characteristic of South Indian Hindu society is permission for
marriage between cross-cousins (children of brother and sister) as they are
of different gotras. Thus, a man is allowed to marry his maternal uncle's
daughter or his paternal aunt's daughter but is not allowed to marry his
paternal uncle's daughter. She would be considered a parallel cousin, of
the same gotra, and therefore to be treated as a sister.
North Indian Hindu society not only follows the rules of gotra for
marriages but also has many regulations which go beyond the basic
definition of gotra and have a broader definition of incest. Some
communities in North India do not allow marriage with certain other clans,
based on the belief that both clans are of the same patrilineal descent. In
other communities, marriage within the gotra of the mother's father, and
possibly some others, is prohibited. In the 1945 case of Madhavrao vs
Raghavendra Rao, which involved a Deshastha Brahmin couple, the definition
of gotra as descending from eight sages and then branching out to several
families was thrown out by the Bombay High Court. The court called the idea
of Brahmin families descending from an unbroken line of common ancestors as
indicated by the names of their respective gotras "impossible to accept."
The court consulted relevant Hindu texts and stressed the need for Hindu
society and law to keep up with the times, emphasizing that notions of good
social behaviour and the general ideology of the Hindu society had changed.
The court also said that the material in the Hindu texts is so vast and
full of contradictions that it is a near-impossible task to reduce it to
order and coherence. {KR These kinds of individual views straying away
from the Hindu Dharma, can be seen in Indian Courts; it shows why Judicial
systems were against the majority while minority laws are not countered by
such shabby statements; still we tolerate all such ignorance}
Nambudiri, one of the dominant Brahman castes of the Indian
state of Kerala. Orthodox in the extreme, its members regard themselves as
the true repositories of the ancient Vedic religion and of the traditional
Hindu code. The Nambudiri caste follows a distinctive marriage alliance
with the important warrior caste of the Nayars. Though the eldest son of a
Nambudiri household customarily marries a Nambudiri woman, thus observing
the typical caste practice of endogamy, the younger sons marry Nayar women
and obey the matrilineal-descent system of the Nayar. In contrast to other
Brahman castes in southern India, the Nambudiri place great emphasis on
their priestly status and do not normally engage in profitable professions.
They derive their wealth from their landholdings, being the chief
landowners of central Kerala. There are five subdivisions within the
Nambudiri caste: Tampurakkal, the highest in status, who with the Adhyas
form an endogamous subcaste; the Adhyas, who are temple priests; the
Visistas, some of whom are ritualists, while others pursue traditional
learning and philosophy; the Samanyas, who study the Veda; and the
Jatimatras, who practice Ayurvedic medicine.
CONSANGUINITY A marriage is said to be consanguineous where
the marriages are solemnized among persons descending from the same stock
or common ancestor with close biological relations. All human societies
however primitive or geographically isolated prohibit the mating of
first-degree relatives, namely that between parents and children and
brothers and sisters, which is incest. Marriage between relatives less
close than siblings or parents and offspring are not necessarily outlawed,
but the dividing line between legal and illegal is hazy and varies between
countries. In about one-half of USA, uncle-niece and aunt-nephew (second
degree) and first cousins (third degree) mating are forbidden by law. In
1981 Marriage of the People’s Republic of China, marriage between first
cousin or closer was also prohibited. On the other hand, in India,
marriages between uncle and niece is legal. It has been reported that in
Bangalore and Mysore, two major cities of Karnataka state of South India,
21% of Hindu marriages were uncle-niece unions.2
So the rule of the Gotra system is that the Gotra of men remains
the same, while the Gotra of the woman becomes the Gotra of their husband
after marriage. Now suppose a person has only daughters and no sons. In
that case his Gotra will end with him in that lineage because his daughters
will belong to the Gotras of their husbands after their marriage! This was
probably the reason why in the ancient Vedic or Hindu societies it was
preferred to have at least one Son along with any number of daughters, so
that the Gotra of the father could continue.
Pravara is a list of most excellent Rishis in a Gotra lineage.
As we saw earlier, some of the descendants of the most ancient Gotras
started their own Gotras, however they maintained a list of Pravaras while
doing so and attached the list of their most excellent Ancestors with this
derived Gotras. For instance, the Vatsa Gotra has Bhargava, Chyavana,
Jamadagnya, Apnavana as their Pravaras. What this means is that Vatsa Gotra
has in its lineage all these Gotras and traces back its root to Bhrigu
Rishi in the list of Gotrakarins. The idea behind this Pravara system is
probably to ensure that the derived Gotras still maintain track of their
root Gotras, and this in turn is used to ensure that Bride and Bridegroom
from no two derived Gotras coming from the same root Gotra marry each other.
Every Gotra which is a derived Gotra maintains a list of Pravaras attached
to it. This is because, the essence of the Gotra system is finally to
prevent marriages within the same Gotra. Now consider two derived Gotras
which came from the same Gotra, then it might happen that over time people
might forget that both these Gotras came from the same root Gotra, and may
allow marriages within these Gotras since their names are different! To
prevent this, the derived Gotras maintained a list of Pravaras (which were
the prominent junctions where the derived Gotras got created), and the
additional rule in the Gotra system is that, even if the Bride and
Bridegroom belong to different Gotras, they still cannot get married even
if just one of their Gotra Pravara matches. Gothra match is also seen in
astrology. But again the question remained – what is the basis to prevent
marriages within the same Gotras even after thousands of years later the
roots separated? How can hundreds of generations later they can still be
considered to be the children of same parents just because they belong to
same Gotra (male lineage) or to different Gotras sharing the same Pravara
(again the male lineage)? {Gotram avoidance is certainty, however, Pravaran
Gotra Vara, is mode of caution only.}
Chromosomes and Genes (Science now was the oldest one in India)
Humans have 23 pairs of Chromosomes and in each pair one Chromosome comes
from the father (X or Y) and the other comes from the mother(X). So, in all
we have 46 Chromosomes in every cell, of which 23 come from the mother and
23 from the father.
Of these 23 pairs, there is one pair called the Sex Chromosomes which
decide the gender of the person. During conception, if the resultant cell
has XX sex chromosomes, then the child will be a girl and if it is XY then
the child will be a boy. X chromosome decides the female attributes of a
person and Y Chromosome decides the male attributes of a person. When the
initial embryonic cell has XY chromosome, the female attributes get
suppressed by the genes in the Y Chromosome and the embryo develops into a
male child. Since only men have Y Chromosomes, son always gets his Y
Chromosome from his father and the X Chromosome from his mother.
On the other hand, daughters always get their X Chromosomes, one each
from both father and mother. So the Y Chromosome is always preserved
throughout a male lineage (Father – Son – Grandson etc) because a Son
always gets it from his father, while the X Chromosome is not preserved in
the female lineage (Mother, Daughter, Grand Daughter etc) because it comes
from both father and mother. A mother will pass either her mother’s X
Chromosome to her Children or her father’s X Chromosome to her children or
a combination of both because of both her X Chromosomes getting mixed
(called as Crossover). On the other hand, a son always gets his father’s Y
Chromosome and that too almost intact without any changes because there is
no corresponding another Y chromosome in his cells to do any mixing as his
combination is XY, while that of females is XX which hence allows for
mixing as both are X Chromosomes.
(FURTHER SCIENCE ONLY): It is commonly known that the presence of
the male Y chromosome triggers a cascade of events resulting in male sex
development, with female determination occurring by default. Less
appreciated is the fact that the genetic information carried by the Y
chromosome is minuscule relative to that stored in the X chromosome and
that only the single SRY gene, buried in a condensed dormant region of the
Y chromosome, drives the whole male sex determination process. The
SRY‐coded protein, also called the testis‐determining factor (TDF), is
expressed for only a brief moment during embryo development. Its function
is to bend the curvature of the DNA at a specific site on a separate
chromosome, leading to the persistently elevated expression of a second
protein, SOX9. This transcription factor is responsible for converting
initially equivalent cells, present in what will become the kidney
secretory apparatus (mesonephros), into cells of the male gonads. SOX9 is
also expressed during development in many other parts of the embryo, in
both males and females, and fulfils a number of functions unrelated to sex
determination.
This protein, expressed in cells of all types and functions,
senses and responds to androgens, steroid hormones named for their
“male‐determining” function. Testosterone, and its more potent form
dihydrotestosterone (DHT), is the quintessential androgen produced by
specialized testicular cells, and it instructs the development of all
secondary male sex organs and other male phenotypic characteristics,
ranging from musculoskeletal mass to behavioural traits. Inactivating
mutations of the AR gene, or of the gene encoding for the enzyme involved
in testosterone modification (5α‐reductase), result in individuals with a
non‐binary or female phenotype even in the presence of a XY genotype and
testosterone‐producing testicles
Importantly, AR fulfils pleiotropic functions besides sex
determination
and is activated by a variety of other androgens besides testosterone,
which are produced in both sexes. Diminishing levels of androgens
contribute significantly to age‐associated decline of multiple functions.
The localization of the AR gene on the X chromosome also dispels any notion
that AR fulfils only male‐determining functions. While random X chromosome
inactivation ensures that AR expression is similar in both sexes, males
with a single copy of the gene are twice more susceptible to deleterious
mutations. The Y chromosome is also not neutral, as a number of genes on
it, including SRY, may function as positive determinants of AR expression
and/or activity. In this context, AR signalling could be preferentially
affected by the frequent and poorly understood loss of the Y chromosome
that occurs in the male population, in ageing tissues. As mentioned above,
the absence of the SRY‐SOX9 regulatory axis will result in the formation of
ovaries instead of testicles, while the production of female sex hormones,
specifically oestrogens, drives secondary female sex organ development.
Oestrogens play an opposite role to androgens in many other biological
contexts and, like androgens, are secreted in both men and women.
Oestrogens are metabolically derived from androgens, while derivates of
another key female hormone, progesterone, can exert androgenic functions.
Compared to the more permanent differences established during
embryonic development, epigenetic marks are established later in life and
can be partially reversed. A key target organ for epigenetic modification
is the human brain, which has anatomical differences in various regions
between men and women . The early impact of androgens on brain development
can be modified or reinforced later in life by a variety of endogenous and
exogenous factors, but it is hard to revert. An irreversible set of events
occurring during embryonic life may be at the basis of gender dysphoria, a
partial or complete dissociation between the gender self‐representation of
an individual and his/her genetic and gonadal sex. Those who identify as
transgender may therefore choose to affirm their gender by hormonal or
surgical intervention to alter their biological sex. However, it is
important not only for gender identity clinics to assist with psychological
and social transition, along with surgical and hormonal changes to physical
characteristics. Hijras are not defined by having any particular sexual
organs or chromosomes. A majority of them will have XY chromosomes, since
they were born into the male gender, And there are no YYX etc yesterday
some one wrote in these groups. The chromosome set of a normal person is 44
+ XX in females and 44 + XY in males. But there's a syndrome called
Klinefelter's syndrome which makes the chromosome number to 47 with an
extra X chromosome in a male. So, it becomes 44 + XXY. This is the
chromosome of a Kinner While significant research is underway to better
understand the factors that determine sex and gender, and how to alleviate
gender dysphoria, other essential health‐related issues for transgender
patients are much less well studied . There are some data on the long‐term
impact of cross‐sex hormones in transgender patients, though further
exploration is required. Similarly, the consequences on age‐associated
incidence and progression of various cancer types, immune/inflammatory
diseases and cardiovascular function are severely under‐studied, in spite
of the major impact that androgens and oestrogens have in all these
contexts. Also important is to understand the effects of androgens and
other substances with sex hormone activity to which the developing human
embryo is exposed. Endocrine disruptors, chemical substances that are
ubiquitous in the environment and that have the ability to block, induce or
interfere with the activity of endogenous sex hormones, can be easily
transferred from the mother to the developing embryo with effects that
persist into adult life.
Y Chromosome and the Vedic Gotra System
Y Chromosome is the only Chromosome which gets passed down only between the
men in a lineage. Women never get this Y Chromosome in their body. And
hence Y Chromosome plays a crucial role in modern genetics in identifying
the Genealogy ie male ancestry of a person. And the Gotra system was
designed to track down the root Y Chromosome of a person quite easily. If a
person belongs to Angirasa Gotra, then it means that his Y Chromosome came
all the way down over thousands of years of timespan from the Rishi
Angirasa! And if a person belongs to a Gotra (say Bharadwaja) with Pravaras
(Angirasa, Bhaarhaspatya, Bharadwaja), then it means that the person’s Y
Chromosome came all the way down from Angirasa to Bhaarhaspatya to
Bharadwaja to the person. That is because women do not carry Y Chromosome,
and their Sons will carry the Y Chromosome of the Father and hence the
Gotra of a woman is said to be that of her husband after marriage.
This also makes it clear the modern male and female combinations
as -NOT A MARRIAGE. While Y+X= 1 ½, X+X =1 only. And the combinations of
11/2+1= 2 ½ begets either 1 or only ½, in the realm of procreation. At the
same time, IT IS CERTAIN THAT WITHOUT x, SONS CANNOT BE GIVEN BIRTH AS
y+x, WHEREAS,
2 WOMEN BY COMBINING 2 DIFFERENT x, A FEMALE CHILD MAY BE BORN. The other ½
is contributed. {KR Two men cannot give birth to another male at all at
any point of time; however the female population only can or may prevail,
by mixing X and X , nurtured through tubes and placement in the womb; so
without WOMAN , THERE ARE NO USE FOR MEN ONLY LIVING ] Even the west has
nicknames for their DNAs; our ancient gave the name Gotra equivalent of DNA
and nicknamed as Kashyapa, Bharadwaja etc in 1000s of divisions. Since it
is right through the birth only and not by adoptions or living together as
men and women of the same sex or even living together of napumsaka.
Therefore, by adoption, the child will not get, adopted father gotra
legally, though the child may get name of father or mother behind, but not
Gotra, directly. The gotra is presumed as that of the father. Hence by
crossing the Gotra, sagotram still cannot marry. THE ONLY EXCEPTION IS
AFTER SEVEN GENERATIONS OR 10 GENERATIONS IN SOME.
*The Weakness of the Y Chromosome*
The Y Chromosome is the only Chromosome which does not have a similar pair
in the human body. The pair of the Y Chromosome in humans is X Chromosome
which is significantly different from Y Chromosome. Even the size of the Y
Chromosome is just about one third the size of the X Chromosome. In other
words, throughout evolution the size of the Y Chromosome has been
decreasing and it has lost most of its genes and has been reduced to its
current size. Scientists are debating whether Y Chromosome will be able to
survive for more than a few million years into the future or whether it
will gradually vanish, and if it does so whether it will cause males to
become extinct! Obviously because Y Chromosome is the one which makes a
person male or a man. And if it becomes extinct, Biologists are not sure
whether any other Chromosome in our body will be able to completely take
over its functionality or not.
Kula-and-Gotras
And the reason for all this is that unlike other Chromosomes, there is no
way for Y Chromosome to repair itself by doing cross over with its
Chromosomal pair. All other Chromosomes come in similar pairs and when
there the DNA of one Chromosome gets damaged the cell can repair it by
copying over the DNA from the other Chromosome in that pair as both the
Chromosomes in all other pairs are almost identical in nature. This copying
(or crossing over as it is called) also allows different combinations of
mix and matches to happen between the genes of mother and father and allows
the best of the matches to survive and hence make the Chromosomes stronger
as they evolve in successive generations. Even X Chromosomes in female
undergo this mix and match since there are two X Chromosomes in women. However
Y Chromosomes do not have any corresponding equivalent Chromosome in its
pair. It can exist only in a XY Combination and X cannot mix and match with
Y except for a small 5% of X which matches with Y, while the remaining 95%
of Y Chromosome which is crucial in the development of a male have
absolutely no match at all!. It is this 95% of the Y Chromosome which is
completely responsible in humans for creating a male or a man.
But at the same time, Y Chromosome has to depend on itself to repair
any of its injuries and for that it has created duplicate copies of its
genes within itself. However, this does not stop DNA damages in Y
Chromosome which escape its local repair process from being propagated into
the offspring males. This causes Y Chromosomes to accumulate more and more
defects over a prolonged period of evolution and scientists believe that
this is what is causing the Y Chromosome to keep losing its weight
continuously. As discussed earlier other Chromosomes do not face this issue
because they have corresponding pairs from both the parents and the DNA
damage could be easily corrected most of the time by the mix and match
process that takes place between the two Chromosomes in a pair. This
Chromosomal crossover process eliminates damaged genes and is one of the
key processes in evolution of life. Note that females do not need the Y
Chromosome, and since all females have X Chromosomes, it would be still
possible to create a mechanism where X Chromosomes from different females
are used to create offspring, say like injecting the nuclei from the egg of
one female into the egg of another female to fertilize it and that would
grow into a girl child. So yes, that would be a humanity where only females
exist.
Now I understand why Hinduism and its Vedic core regard Mother Goddess
or female divinity to be more powerful than all male divinity put together
And the only way to stop that was to ensure that the 5% of the Y Chromosome
which can be mixed and crossed over with its X counterpart be protected so
that the remaining 95% which does not take part in the mix and match
process (which self-heals by having duplicate copies of its genes) stays
healthy. Now we know even in modern Genetics that marriages between cousins
will increase the risk of causing genetic disorders. That is because, say
suppose there is a recessive dangerous gene in one person. What this means
is that say a person is carrying a dangerous abnormality causing gene in
one of his chromosomes, but whose effect has been hidden in that person (or
is not being expressed) because the corresponding gene in the pairing
Chromosome is stronger and hence is preventing this abnormality causing
gene from activating.
Now there are fair chances that his offsprings will be carriers of
these genes throughout successive generations. As long as they keep
marrying outside his genetic imprint, there is a fair chance that the
defective gene will remain inactive since others outside this person’s
lineage most probably do not have that defective gene. Now if after 5-10
generations down the line say one of his descendants marries some other
descendant who may be really far away cousins. But then there is a
possibility that both of them are still carrying the defective gene, and in
that case their children will definitely have the defective gene express
itself and cause the genetic abnormality in them as both the Chromosomes in
the pair have the defective genes. Hence, the marriages between cousins
always have a chance of causing an otherwise recessive, defective genes to
express themselves resulting in children with genetic abnormalities. So if
the Vedic Rishis had allowed marriages within the same Gotras, then there
were chances that the resulting male can be a victim of such defective gene
expression, and any such gene expressions which took place in the 5%
exposed area of the Y Chromosome would be fatal for the continuity of that
Y Chromosome. Even after hundreds of generations there would still be
chances of any defective genes being propagated within these successive
generations, and marriage within the same Gotra would provide a golden
opportunity for these genes to express themselves, thereby causing the
genetic abnormality in the offspring.
And hence the ancient Vedic Rishis created the Gotra system where
they barred marriage between a boy and a girl belonging to the same Gotra
no matter how deep the lineage tree was, in a bid to prevent inbreeding and
completely eliminate all recessive defective genes from the human DNA.
To add a final note, the veracity of the Gotra system can be checked
by comparing the Y Chromosomes of males from different families of the same
Gotra who are religiously following the Gotra system even today. That would
not only prove the maintenance of male lineage throughout generations for
thousands of years, but would also provide us with an opportunity to
extract the Y Chromosomes of the ancient Vedic seers and study them. When
we look at the list of the Gotrakarni Rishis (ie the root Gotras), you may
note that almost all of these Rishis are also Prajapatis – Prajapatis are
said to be the immediate descendants of Brahma (the Creator God) – who then
went on to create their own progeny or lineage. Please note that the
intention of the Gotra system is to avoid marriage within the same family
and lineage as mentioned above, and hence it also states that marriages are
not recommended with the maternal cousins even if the Gotras are different
in this case. To quote a rule of the Gotra System (Manusmriti 3/5) which
means “When the man and woman do not belong to six generations from the
maternal side and also do not come from the father’s lineage, marriage
between the two is good.” In other words, the Gotra System also does not
recommend marriage with maternal cousins either, even if the Gotras are
different in this case. This again is scientifically correct because cousin
marriages with maternal cousins (like the marriage of a Son with Mother’s
Sister’s Daughter) are also known to result in genetic disorders in the
offspring.
The 7 Rishis initially made in our vedas , though are told in Vedas as
sons of Brahma, Rishis were clever or the manifestations are cleverer, in
the sense ALL THAT 7 WERE NAMED AS MANAS BORN OUT OF MIND PUTRAS. Or else
there would not have arisen different Y chromosomes at all. The earliest
formal list of the seven rishis is given by Jaiminiya Brahmana 2.218–221:
Agastya, Atri, Bhardwaja, Gautama, Jamadagni, Vashistha, and Vishvamitra
followed by Brihadaranyaka Upanisad 2.2.6 with a slightly different list:
Atri, Bharadvaja, Gautama, Jamadagni, Kashyapa, Vashistha, and Vishvamitra.
The late Gopatha Brahmana 1.2.8 has Vashistha, Vishvamitra, Jamadagni,
Gautama, Bharadvaja, Gungu, Agastya, and Kashyapa.
In post-Vedic texts, different lists appear; some of these rishis were
recognized as the 'mind-born sons' (Sanskrit: मनस पुत्र, manasaputra) of
Brahma, the representation of the Supreme Being as Creator. Other
representations are Maheshvara or Shiva as the Destroyer and Vishnu as the
Preserver. Since these seven rishis were also among the primary eight
rishis, who were considered to be the ancestors of the Gotras of Brahmins,
the birth of these rishis was mythicized. According to legend, the seven
rishis in the next manvantara will be Diptimat, Galava, Parashurama, Kripa,
Drauni or Ashwatthama, Vyasa, and Rishyasringa. The seven Rishis change in
every Manvantaram. A manvantara (age of Manu) is a unit of time within a
Kalpa (day of Brahma). There are fourteen manvantaras in a Kalpa, each
separated by sandhyas (connecting periods). Each manvantara is ruled by a
different Manu, with the current seventh one ruled by Vaivasvata Manu.
Rishis and their sons are born anew in each manvantara.
*Saptarishis in each **manvantara*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manvantara>* of the current kalpa
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)> (Śveta-Vārāha Kalpa)*
*Manu (manvantara)*[9] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saptarshi#cite_note-9>
*Saptarishis*
Svayambhuva
[10] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saptarshi#cite_note-Manu-10> Atri,
Angiras, Pulaha, Pulastya, Kratu, Marichi, Vashistha.
Svarocisha
Urja, Stambha, Prana, Vata, Prishava, Niraya, and Parivan
Uttama
Kaukundihi, Kurundi, Dalaya, Sankha, Pravahita, Mita, and Sammita
Tapasa/Tamasa
Jyotirdhama, Prithu <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithu>, Kavya, Chaitra,
Agni, Vanaka, and Pivara
Raivata
Hirannyaroma, Vedasrí, Urdhabahu, Vedabahu, Sudhama, Parjanya
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parjanya>, and Mahamuni
Chakshusha <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakshusha>
Sumedha, Viraja, Havishman, Uttar, Madhu, Sahishnu, and Atinama
*Vaivasvata* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaivasvata>* (current)*
Vashishta, Kashyapa, Atri, Jamadagni, Gautama, Vishvamitra, Bharadvaja
Savarni
Diptimat, Galava, Parashurama <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parashurama>,
Kripa <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kripa>, Drauni or Ashwatthama
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashwatthama>, Vyasa
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyasa>, and Rishyasringa
Daksha-savarni
Savana, Dyutimat, Bhavya, Vasu, Medhatithi, Jyotishman, and Satya
Brahma-savarni
Havishman, Sukriti, Satya, Apammurtti, Nabhaga, Apratimaujas, and Satyaketu
Dharma-savarni
Nischara, Agnitejas, Vapushman, Vishnu, Aruni, Havishman, and Anagha
Rudra-savarni
Tapaswi, Sutapas, Tapomurti, Taporati, Tapodhriti, Tapodyuti, and Tapodhana
Deva-savarni
Nirmoha, Tatwadersin, Nishprakampa, Nirutsuka, Dhritimat, Avyaya, and
Sutapas
Indra-savarni
Agnibshu, Suchi, Aukra, Magadha, Gridhra, Yukta and Ajita
1. The Shatapata Brahmana and Brahadaranyaka Upanishad(2.2.4)
acknowledge the names of seven rishis(or Saptarshis) as:
Atri,,Bharadvaja,,,Gautama Maharishi,,,Jamadagni,,,Kashyapa,,, Vasistha
and Vishvamitra
2. The Krishna Yajurveda in the Sandhya-Vandana Mantras has it as: Angiras,
Atri, Bhrigu, Gautama Maharishi, Kashyapa, Kutsa, Vasistha,
3. The Mahabharata offers the seven rishis' names: Marichi , Atri,
Pulaha, Pulastya, Kratu, Vasistha and Angiras
4. The Brihat Samhita offers the seven rishis' names as: Marichi,
Vasistha, Angiras, Atri, Pulastya, Pulaha, Kratu
In Hindu astronomy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_astronomy>, the seven stars of the
Saptarshi Mandala, or Big Dipper <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Dipper> are
named as:
*Indian Name*
*Bayer Designation*
*Western Name*
Kratu <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratu>
α UMa
Dubhe <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Ursae_Majoris>
Pulaha <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaha>
β UMa
Merak <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Ursae_Majoris>
Pulastya <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulastya>
γ UMa
Phecda <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_Ursae_Majoris>
Atri <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atri>
δ UMa
Megrez <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Ursae_Majoris>
Angiras <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiras_(sage)>
ε UMa
Alioth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Ursae_Majoris>
Vasistha <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasistha>
ζ UMa
Mizar <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Ursae_Majoris>
Marichi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marichi>
η UMa
Alkaid <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Ursae_Majoris>
Vasishtha is accompanied by Arundhati, a faint companion star (Alcor
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcor_(star)>/80 Ursa Majoris). The valid
avatar's clan is supposed to be named after their ashvamedha.
1. Kashyapa – Father = Mareechi – Wives = Diti, Aditi, etc. – Children =
Hiranyakashipu, Vamana, Indra, etc.
2. Atri – Father = Chatur Mukha Brahma Deva – Wife = Anusuya – Children =
Datta, Soma, Durvasa
3. Bharadwaja – Father = Guru Brahaspati – Wife = Susheela – Children =
Dronacharya
4. Vishwamitra – Father = Gadhiraja – Wife = Kumudhwati
5. Gautama – Father = Maharaja Rahogana – Wife = Ahalya – Children =
Vamadeva, Nodha
6. Jamadagni – Father = Bhrigu – Wife = Renuka – Children = Parashurama
7. Vashishtha – Father = Chatur Mukha Brahma Deva – Wife = Arundati –
Children = Shakti
Shatarupa (Sanskrit: शतरूपा, 'she of a hundred forms') is the
daughter of the creator deity, Brahma. According to Brahma Purana,
Shatarupa is regarded as the first woman to be created by Brahma, marrying
Manu, the first man. Their descendants are called Manushya, the Sanskrit
term for mankind. The first Manu. He was the mind born son of the god
Brahma, and husband of Shatarupa. He had three daughters, namely Akuti,
Devahuti and Prasuti. Mind born and Satharupa w/o Manu -births are not
brother and sister. Similarly, wives of Saptha Rishis. Sapta Rishis’ wives
were the daughters of Dhakshan. As some web sites are writing-SHATARUPA IS
NOT SARASWATHI W/O BRHAHMA. {Because Satharupa means “100 forms”, some
people are misusing the text. Some puranas are stating Vishwa karma and
Gayathri as father and mother of NANU} Manu (मनु) represents a form of
Dharma: the name of a Sādhaka (aspirant) created by Brahmā out of his
conception (saṅkalpa), according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.1.16:—“[...] O
foremost among sages, creating thus, thanks to the favour of Mahādeva,
these excellent Sādhakas (e.g., Dharma) I [viz., Brahmā] became contented.
Then, O dear one, Dharma, born out of my conception assumed the form of
Manu at my bidding and was engaged in activity by the aspirants”. Manu is
the earliest Prajapati (Lit. 'Lord-of-all-creatures') and the son of
Vivasvant, the sun God. He is the father of Ikshvaku, the first King of
Ayodhya and the ancestor of Rama, the hero of the epic Ramayana. See
[Rama:1.70.21]. According to B.P., he obtained nine sons by performing a
sacrifice. Those sons are: Ikshvaku, Nabhaga, Dhrishta, Sharyati,
Narishyanta, Pramashu, Rishta, Karusha and Prishadhara.
Manu (मनु).—[man-u Uṇādi-sūtra 1.1] 1) Name of a celebrated
personage regarded as the representative man and father of the human race
(sometimes regarded as one of the divine beings).
2) Particularly, the fourteen successive progenitors or sovereigns of the
earth mentioned in Manusmṛti 1.63. (The first Manu called svāyaṃbhuvamanu
is supposed to be a sort of secondary creator, who produced the ten
Prajapatis or Maharṣis and to whom the code of laws known as Manusmriti is
ascribed. The seventh Manu called vaivasvatamanu, being supposed to be born
from the sun, is regarded as the progenitor of the present race of living
beings and was saved from a great flood by Viṣṇu in the form of a fish; cf.
matsyāvatāra; he is also regarded as the founder of the solar race of kings
who ruled at Ayodhyā; see Uttararāmacarita 6.18; R.1.11; vivasvān manave
prāha manurikṣvākave'bravīt Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 4.1. The names of the
fourteen Manus in order are:-1 svāyaṃbhuva, 2 svārociṣa, 3 auttami, 4
tāmasa, 5 raivata, 6 cākṣuṣa, 7 vaivasvata, 8 sāvarṇi, 9 dakṣasāvarṇi, 1
brahmasāvarṇi, 11 dharmasāvarṇi, 12 rudrasāvarṇi, 13 raucya-daivasāvarṇi
and 14 iṃdrasāvarṇi).
“Aṅgiras, (prise the Aśvins); Aśvins, with those aids by which,
with (gratified) minds, you delight (in praise), and thence preceded the
gods to the cavern, to recover the stolen cattle; by which you sustained
the heroic Manu with food; with them, Aśvins, come willingly hither.”
Commentary by Sāyaṇa: Ṛgveda-bhāṣya
Sustained Manu: By making him aware of the grain hidden in the earth, or
teaching him, in fact, agriculture
याभिः । अङ्गिरः । मनसा । निरण्यथः । अग्रम् । गच्छथः । विवरे । गोअर्णसः ।
याभिः । मनुम् । शूरम् । इषा । सम्आवतम् । ताभिः । ऊँ इति । सु । ऊतिभिः ।
अश्विना । आ । गतम् ॥ R V 1 112 18
yābhiḥ | aṅgiraḥ | manasā | ni-raṇyathaḥ | agram | gacchathaḥ | vi-vare |
go--arṇasaḥ | yābhiḥ | manum | śūram | iṣā | sam-āvatam | tābhiḥ | oṃ | iti
| su | ūti-bhiḥ | aśvinā | ā | gatam
Thus, by changing gotram alone sagotram marriage can be conducted. K
Rajaram IRS 5 1 23
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