The optical splitter is one of the important FTTH optical devices, which plays an important role in passive optical networks (PON). The optical splitter is usually installed between the OLT (Optical line terminal) of the PON and the ONT (Optical network terminal). The fiber optical splitter is mainly used to split the light into numerous parts, allowing a single PON interface to be shared among many subscribers. It splits the fiber optic light to some ratio and it is most important in the networks of PON FTTX.
The main function of the optical splitter is to achieve the splitting of the optical signal. According to the principle of splitting, the optical splitter can be divided into two types: FBT optical splitter and Planar Waveguide (PLC type). Except for the manufacturing process and parameters, the big difference of the FBT splitter and PLC splitter is that the FBT optical splitter can get the unequal light splitting ratio by controlling the torsion Angle and stretching length of the optical fiber. As for the PLC optical splitter, the signal can be assigned to users averagely. In applications where the volume and wavelength of light are not very sensitive, especially in the case of less splitting (such as 1×2, 1×4, etc.), the choice of FBT optical splitter is more affordable; PLC splitter is widely used in FTTH network, which is suitable for different transmission wavelength, spectral uniformity, and for multiplex splitting(such as 1×16, 1×32, 1×64, etc.). The most common optical splitters deployed in a PON system is a uniform power splitter with an M: N splitting ratio, where M is the input ports and N is the number of output ports. In the FTTx system, M can be 1 or 2, and N can be 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, etc. The PON splitting may be achieved by centralized splitting(one-level) or by cascaded splittings (two-level or more). The centralized splitting mode means that the optical splitters are distributed in the optical fiber distribution box, and the single optical fiber is directly connected to the OLT of the central office, and the other end is connected to multiple ONTs of the user end through multiple optical fibers. A centralized approach typically uses a 1x32 or 1×64 splitter located in a fiber distribution hub (FDH). The cascaded splitting mode means that two sets of optical splitters are connected between the OLT and the ONU by cascading. This splitting method has two splitting levels: a first splitting level and a secondary splitting level. The first-level splitting point is usually located near the central office. 1×4 splitter residing is mostly used. The secondary splitting level is generally installed at the user end (such as inside the corridor). Each of the four fibers leaving this lever 1 splitter is routed to an access terminal that houses a 1x8 level 2 splitter. With the large-scale construction of FTTH, the market demand for PLC optical splitter <http://www.hyc-system.com/>as the core component of FTTH continues to grow. It has the advantages of large bandwidth, good stability, good uniformity, and compact structure. KR IRS 24//25/2/24 ( Other than this FTTH cannot be connected as easily as copper ) On Sat, 24 Feb 2024 at 18:18, Rajaram Krishnamurthy <[email protected]> wrote: > simply ask your grandson to shoot every point of connection on points on > the walls without any intermediary; share it in email from the > smartphone which shot them; I know it cannot be done without amazon > intermediary. Thank u KR > > On Sat, 24 Feb 2024 at 18:14, gopala krishnan <[email protected]> wrote: > >> Sir, >> >> If you are in Chennai, I invite to visit my home with your madam. I am >> happy to receive you. I do not know to attach photos taken in smart phone >> to link with laptop. Better visit my home. I invite you with open heart >> >> Gopalakrishnan >> >> On Sunday, 25 February, 2024 at 05:29:00 am IST, Rajaram Krishnamurthy < >> [email protected]> wrote: >> >> >> Pl do post photos -optical fibre as you do- in copper connecting- direct >> Thank you 25224 (without any amazon intermediary) >> >> On Sat, 24 Feb 2024 at 17:54, gopala krishnan <[email protected]> wrote: >> >> Respected Mr Rajaram, >> >> I never said *copper fibre is not there*. You wrote with optical fibre, >> parallel connection is NOT POSSIBLE. I wrote it is possible. Nothing more. >> >> You took this part from personal exchanges with Mr APS Mani. Well, it >> makes you clear about my views. I have Nothing to hide. >> >> Gopalakrishnan >> >> On Saturday, 24 February, 2024 at 08:34:32 pm IST, Rajaram Krishnamurthy < >> [email protected]> wrote: >> >> >> My dear Gopala, show me your parallel connection on photos where you had >> just plugged telephones to the wall without any intermediary in copper >> fibre please. Let's all see that . Do not show magic Thank you K R IRS >> 24224 >> >> On Sat, 24 Feb 2024 at 06:30, '[email protected]' via Thatha_Patty < >> [email protected]> wrote: >> >> >> >> ----- Forwarded message ----- >> *From:* Gopala Krishnan <[email protected]> >> *To:* APS Mani <[email protected]>; "[email protected]" < >> [email protected]> >> *Sent:* Saturday, 24 February, 2024 at 05:33:33 pm IST >> *Subject:* Re: [iyer123] CULTURAL QA 02-2024-21A >> >> *Respected Mr APS Mani,* >> >> >> *I request you to refrain from making such remarks like cheating and >> deceiving on another member. * >> >> *You have to quote instances if at any time I have cheated or deceived >> you or any member known to you. Making such abusing personal mails is not >> ethique.* >> *I request you to stop such personal mails. * >> >> >> *If you want to write anything, write with a copy to groups. * >> *I am forwarding your mail to all groups in which I am a member* >> >> *Gopalakrishnan* >> >> *Gopalakrishnan* >> >> On Sat, Feb 24, 2024 at 3:45 PM APS Mani <[email protected]> wrote: >> >> One single word I use is that you are a juggler. You have a good >> capacity to deceive close people. >> >> On Thu, Feb 22, 2024 at 2:41 PM Gopala Krishnan <[email protected]> >> wrote: >> >> Sir, >> Hate? Whom? Mr Rajaram ? Mr APS Mani? >> Yesterday night, a thinking came to my mind to invite Mr Rajaram just to >> show BSNL fibre parallel connections in my home if he is in *Chenna*i. >> Not to discuss any other matter. But at that time I found his mail >> ridiculing me >> *as an alien. How Mr Rajaram writes I am writing lies?* >> >> >> *Do you think for a moment the pain he injected calling me as a bogus >> ITS? Did I call him Bogus IRS? I had sent to you my retirement citation >> mentioning me as ITS class1 . Why didn't you write to Mr Rajaram based on >> it? Why did you keep silent?* >> >> >> *You have used the word trap. You could forget so quickly the trap done >> by Mr Rajaram, yourself, one Mr Subbaiah, Mrs Santhi Subramoniam and many >> others behind the curtain on me? Did you think for a moment the mental >> stress I suffered? * >> >> >> *You can forget the past so quickly but I cannot since I am the person >> who suffered. I will refrain from making any sort of remarks, provided Mr >> Rajaram respects me and writes. Whose friendships I destroy in the groups? >> Am I supporting any bad comments in the worst language by Mr Sarma or >> inflicting responses by Mr Narayanaswamy? * >> >> *Please- I don't hate any one , including yourself and Mr Rajaram. But >> you have used the word hate to me.* >> >> *With regards* >> >> *Gopalakrishnan* >> >> On Thu, Feb 22, 2024 at 1:03 PM APS Mani <[email protected]> wrote: >> >> I must add that matters are not as simple as you think with the bend of >> mind you have to destroy the fellowship and friendship among group >> members. I want to warn you about this. Your painful correspondence and >> inciting others to blame/trap someone whom you hate is getting beyond a >> limit! >> >> On Thu, Feb 22, 2024 at 12:18 PM Gopala Krishnan <[email protected]> >> wrote: >> >> ha ha ha . *I enjoyed- Your singing with others does not make you a >> Rishi*. >> >> Sir, I am far away from music other than listening and enjoying. So I >> admit it.Have a good afternoon. >> >> On Thu, Feb 22, 2024 at 11:57 AM APS Mani <[email protected]> wrote: >> >> Before giving a dose of philosophy, please think before you harm the >> group. You often do - with and without your knowledge. There should be an >> end to this matter. Your singing with others does not make you a Rishi. >> Be earnest and sincere. (do not just acknowledge saying 'I am earnest and >> sincere'. Athu kurachu katuppama. >> >> On Thu, Feb 22, 2024 at 10:56 AM Gopala Krishnan <[email protected]> >> wrote: >> >> I can continue.* But for what purpose? *Just like Mr Rajaram responds, >> you want me to respond by arguing? >> >> Sir, I need not prove to you my integrity, truthfulness, morality etc to >> you. You mean to say I write hasty responses like Mr Rajaram? I know >> myself. Except one or two most of your responses to me are full of blaming, >> negations, abusing etc. >> >> Please think for a moment - At any time I wrote to you in your manner?. >> Many times I have replied to you in the same manner In Mr Rajaram's >> language TIT for TAT >> >> Have I at any time used singular usage? Have I used any wordings like >> idiot, bastard etc? >> >> Sir, please leave me. Best you can do at present. >> >> Goplakrishnan >> >> On Thu, Feb 22, 2024 at 9:36 AM APS Mani <[email protected]> wrote: >> >> >> >> All my mails to you are of perfect order written after deep thought and >> clearing the matter in my mind. They are all full of value to the readers >> to understand you. YOU ARE THE ONLY COWARD in the group and will remain >> so. Wait...... You will get it. Your capacity is >> far from a threat to me! >> >> Now you will slowly turn and write that you DO NOT WANT correspondence on >> this subject. All your 'adavu' are known well to me and have gone through >> several times in the past. Biggest cheat. >> >> On Thu, Feb 22, 2024 at 7:36 AM Gopala Krishnan <[email protected]> >> wrote: >> >> I do not play double- game. *You may expose me to the group at the right >> time. Whom are you threatening?* All your personal mails to me will >> expose your true nature. You are worse than Mr Rajaram in abusing. Better >> keep silent about me. >> >> On Thu, Feb 22, 2024 at 6:45 AM APS Mani <[email protected]> wrote: >> >> It is NOT the time for jokes for you. Time to be serious and time to >> spend for the good of the Group. Your desire to make people fight among >> the group members should be kept far aside and work for the betterment of >> the group. You are not qualified to point your finger to anyone in the >> group as you are a deep-rooted hatred-mongering person in the group, only >> ONE. Your recent effort to crucify KR is a good example as you sow the >> seed of hatred to Capt Sarma and Mama and watch the fun from a distance >> and to TOP IT ALL, you told Capt Sarma that he need not elaborate on >> Thenkalai as all Brahmins are one - to get all goodwill of Iyengards of the >> group for you. A beautiful double game. I do not want to go much further >> but warn you that you should not play double game, spread hatred among >> members - be peaceful at the age of 80 and contribute your STUPID post that >> no one reads very quietly. I have all the documentation to expose yourself >> in the group of WHAT YOU ARE, but the time is not ripe for the same and >> giving you some more time. You should measure yourself. A huge beast in >> the form of a human being! >> >> On Wed, Feb 21, 2024 at 7:26 PM 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 < >> [email protected]> wrote: >> >> CULTURAL QA 02-2024-21A >> >> All the below QA are from Quora DIGEST to me on 21-02-2024. >> >> Selected quora answers generally interesting are included .Still they need >> not be 100% correct answers. >> >> Compiled and posted by R. Gopala Krishnan, 80, on 21-02-2024. >> >> Q1 What is the funniest joke you've been told that you still >> think about to this day? >> >> A1 Mateo Jaki, Studied Computer Technology at Technical School >> Zagreb (Graduated 2017)Oct 5 >> >> A passenger plane crashed and sadly, none of the passengers and crew >> members survived. The plane was also transporting some animals and only one >> Chimpanzee survived. So the investigators bring in the expert who can talk >> to animals and so he sits with the chimp and asks: >> >> “Tell me, what happened with the plane?” >> >> Chimp takes the pencil slams it into the desk and says Boom! >> >> “What were the passengers doing?” >> >> Chimp pretends to panic with his arms in the air. >> >> “What was the flight attendant doing?” >> >> Chimp starts panting. >> >> “What was the pilot doing?” Chimp pant hoot. >> >> “And the hell what were you doing?” >> >> Chimp pretends to be holding a steering wheel and goes >> brrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr. >> >> Q2 What are some of the greatest examples of presence of mind? >> >> A2 Harish. MJR 3y >> >> Interviewer- How much salary do you want? >> >> Girl- 60 thousand. >> >> Interviewer- That’s 15 thousand higher than our salary bracket. >> >> Girl- Can’t I have that? >> >> Interviewer- But, why should we give you a higher salary? >> >> Girl- Because I am efficient. I got all the qualifications and >> experiences as needed for this position. >> >> Interviewer- Your offer is way beyond the industry standard. >> >> Girl- Ma’am, your company is better than other companies in the industry. >> So, your employees should get paid more than the industry standard. >> >> Interviewer- The other candidates said yes for a 50 thousand salary. >> >> Girl- I am better than everyone. You know it. I am also a bit more than >> average, so need more salary. >> >> Interviewer- That’s okay but why do you want a higher salary? >> >> Girl- I want to forget about money while working for your company. 60 >> thousand is something that will fulfil my needs. So, I won’t be looking >> for a job change as you said it’s way above than industry standard. I just >> want to concentrate on my work and stick to your company as a loyal >> employee. >> >> **Selected* >> >> Q3 What is the scariest thing we could possibly find in our >> search for alien life? >> >> A3 Mats Andersson, Former YGT at European Space Agency >> (1992–1993)Dec 30 >> >> Humans. A totally alien planet which has actual human beings living on >> it, with human DNA. >> >> Because that means that everything we think we know is a lie. Someone is >> toying with us. Someone with powers so far beyond us that we are like ants >> to them. >> >> Why? >> >> Why do they do this? Why do they design a Universe with us in it? And why >> do they leave this sort of obvious clue around for us to find?When will >> they decide that the ants have fulfilled whatever purpose we had? >> >> Q4 How does blood sugar affect sleep? >> >> A4 Dr. Benjamin McLean,Doctor of Medicine at Mater Private >> Hospital, Brisbane (2015–present)Oct 15 >> >> As a Doctor of Medicine, I can explain how blood sugar levels can >> affect sleep. Blood sugar, also known as glucose, is a critical source >> of energy for the body's cells, including the brain. The body tries to >> maintain a stable blood sugar level throughout the day. >> >> However, for individuals with diabetes, this balance can be disrupted, >> leading to either high (hyperglycemia) or low (hypoglycemia) blood sugar >> levels. >> >> >> >> 1. Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar): >> >> When blood sugar levels drop too low, the body may release hormones like >> adrenaline, which can cause symptoms such as palpitations, sweating, and >> anxiety. These symptoms can certainly interfere with falling asleep and >> maintaining a deep sleep. >> >> Severe hypoglycemia can lead to waking up during the night due to the >> symptoms, causing fragmented and poor-quality sleep. >> >> 2. Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar): >> >> High blood sugar levels, especially if consistently elevated, can lead to >> frequent >> urination, excessive thirst, and hunger. These symptoms can disrupt >> sleep by causing the person to wake up multiple times during the night. >> >> Moreover, high blood sugar levels can lead to complications such as diabetic >> neuropathy (nerve damage), which can cause discomfort and pain, making >> it difficult to find a comfortable sleeping position. >> >> 3. Sleep Apnea and Insulin Resistance: >> >> Individuals with diabetes often have a higher risk of developing sleep >> apnea, a condition where breathing is briefly and repeatedly interrupted >> during sleep. Sleep apnea can lead to fragmented sleep and excessive >> daytime sleepiness. >> >> Additionally, insulin resistance, common in type 2 diabetes, can affect >> the body's ability to regulate glucose and can also disrupt sleep >> patterns. >> >> >> >> 4. Circadian Rhythms: >> >> Blood sugar levels naturally fluctuate throughout the day and night as >> part of the body's circadian rhythms. Disruptions in these rhythms, such as >> those caused by irregular eating patterns or night shifts, can lead to >> imbalances in blood sugar levels and affect sleep quality. >> >> Management: >> >> Proper management of diabetes through medication, diet, and lifestyle >> changes is essential to maintaining stable blood sugar levels and >> improving sleep quality. >> >> Establishing a regular sleep schedule, creating a comfortable sleep >> environment, and ***managing stress can also contribute significantly to >> better sleep for individuals with diabetes. >> >> In summary, imbalances in blood sugar levels, whether too high or too >> low, can disrupt sleep through various mechanisms. Managing diabetes >> effectively, along with adopting healthy sleep habits, is crucial in >> ensuring good sleep quality for individuals with this condition. It is >> always recommended for individuals with diabetes to work closely with >> healthcare providers to manage their condition and related sleep issues >> effectively. >> >> My note-*** In addition to family stresses unwanted stress is created by >> exchange of mails between persons arguing for wanted and unwanted things and >> some times by pricking and provocative mails. >> >> As a close member suggested best to delete such mails or stop such >> members mails appearing inbox. >> >> Q5 What does it mean to be smart? >> >> A5 Ashutosh Singh, Lives in India Updated 5y >> >> A manager saved a robbery in just 5 seconds >> >> He saw masked robbers coming. He saw their hands and found out they had >> no guns. He thought of a quick solution rather than panicking and >> running away. He did this: >> >> He quickly went towards the door and just locked it. Stood there. The >> robbers pushed the door and saw it wouldn't open by pushing. >> >> What did the robbers do? >> >> They ran away because they needed time to break open the door. That’s >> how the manager saved the store from being robbed with a simple thing and >> in such less time to react. >> >> That is a smart man. >> >> Source:- YouTube Channel-Manager Stops Robbery in the Simplest Way >> Possible | Active Self Protection >> >> -- >> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups >> "iyer123" group. >> To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an >> email to [email protected]. >> To view this discussion on the web visit >> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1204322564.3106372.1708523775660%40mail.yahoo.com >> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1204322564.3106372.1708523775660%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> >> . >> >> -- >> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups >> "Thatha_Patty" group. >> To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an >> email to [email protected]. >> To view this discussion on the web visit >> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/1277428013.131790.1708777850332%40mail.yahoo.com >> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/1277428013.131790.1708777850332%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> >> . >> >> -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. 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