CULTURAL QA 06202410
Q1 How did humans first discover salt for cooking?
KR May be Silk Rd is a media reporter who after 20 minutes ends
without talking about anything as a serpent circus on the road. The
compiler could have exerted some effort to know and elicit which he does
not do. One who says how can one produce the evidence for a happening in
the past when we were not there, should avoid such questions as he knows
that there is no answer from him for that.
Sahitya kaomudi by Baladeva says:
Text 10.91: Chapter 10 - Ornaments of Meaning माला-रूपा च यथा,
mālā-rūpā ca yathā,
This ornament also exists in the form of a series:
यदि दहत्य् अनलोऽत्र किम् अद्भुतं यदि च गौरवम् अद्रिषु किं ततः ।
लवणम् अम्बु सदैव महोदधेः प्रकृतिर् एव सताम् अविषादिता ॥
yadi dahaty analo'tra kim adbhutaṃ yadi ca gauravam adriṣu kiṃ tataḥ |
lavaṇam ambu sadaiva mahodadheḥ prakṛtir eva satām aviṣāditā ||
If fire burns in wood, what is amazing about that? And if there is
heaviness in mountains, so what? An ocean always has salty water. By
nature, good persons never feel despair. (Kāvya-prakāśa, verse 454)
atra sarvatra svābhāvikatvam eko dharmaḥ.
Here each clause has the same attribute of “having a natural quality.”
This is an example by Kālidāsa:
bhānuḥ sakṛd yukta-turaṅga eva rātrin-divaṃ gandha-vahaḥ prayāti |
śeṣaḥ sadaivāhita-bhūmi-bhāraḥ ṣaṣṭhāṃśa-vṛtter api dharma eṣaḥ ||
“The sun is forever yoked to horses, the wind blows day and night, Śeṣa
always bears the weight of the Earth, and this is the moral duty of a king”
(Abhijñāna-śākuntalam).
Lavaṇa (लवण) or Saindhava refers to “salt”, and is
commonly found in literature dealing with the topics of dietetics and
culinary art, also known as Pākaśāstra
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pakashastra#ayurveda> or Pākakalā
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pakakala#ayurveda>.—*We cannot see
any reference to the salt in Ṛgveda.* But most of the non-Ṛgvedic Saṃhitas,
Brāhmaṇas and Upaniṣads refer to salt in the name of *lavaṇa* or *saindhava*.
Mahābhārata refers the non-usage of *viḍa* (*biḍa*) and black salt in
*śrāddha* ceremonies. According to Mahābhārata (Anuśāsanaparva 161.99),
eating salt in the palms of one’s hands and eating salt at night should be
avoided.
Kauṭilya (Arthaśāstra II.15.16)
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/kautilya-arthashastra/d/doc366061.html>
mentions
six varieties of salt—
1. *saindhava*,
2. *sāmudra*,
3. *biḍa*,
4. *yavakṣāra*,
5. *sauvarcala*,
6. *udbhedaja*.
He also mentions that there should be a superintendent (*lavaṇādhyakṣa*)for
salt in a state.
Caraka (Carakasaṃhitā Sūtrasthāna I.88-89) mentions only five varieties of
salts which are—
1. *sauvarcala*,
2. *saindhava*,
3. *biḍa*,
4. *audbhida*,
5. *sāmudra*.
Suśruta (Suśrutasaṃhitā Sūtrasthāna 46.336)
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana/d/doc141678.html>
adds some more varieties such as—
1. *romaka*,
2. *vālukaila*,
3. *śailamūlākarodbhava*,
4. *ūṣara*,
5. *gauṭikā*,
6. *yavakṣāra*,
7. *svarjikākṣāra*,
8. *pākima*,
9. *ṭaṅkaṇakṣāra*.
Of all these varieties, the rock salt (*saindhava*) was considered the best.
In the Lavaṇa or “salts” group of foodstuffs, the following substances are
beneficial (*hita*) to the body: Saindhava (rock-salt). The following
substances are harmful (*ahita*) to the body: Auṣara salt.
Lavaṇa or “salt” is mentioned in a list of potential causes for indigestion
in the 17th century Bhojanakutūhala (*dravyaguṇāguṇa-kathana*), and is
commonly found in literature dealing with the topics of dietetics and
culinary art, also known as Pākaśāstra
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pakashastra#ayurveda> or Pākakalā
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pakakala#ayurveda>.—A complete
section in Bhojanakutūhala is devoted for the description of agents that
cause indigestion [viz., *lavaṇa* (salt)]. These agents consumed on a large
scale can cause indigestion for certain people. The remedies [viz.,
*taṇḍulavāri* (rice water)] for these types of indigestions are also
explained therewith.
Lavaṇa (salt) is also mentioned as a remedy for indigestion caused by
*jambharasa* (extract of lemon) and *mātuluṅgaphala* (citron fruit).
II Story of Lavaṇa
A King who was a grandson of Hariścandra. He once conducted a Rājasūya in
his imagination and became a Caṇḍāla. (story in Jñānavāsiṣṭha). This story
was narrated to Śrī Rāma by Vasiṣṭha to teach him the truth that man does
not realise that this whole universe is an illusion only because of his
ignorance. Lavaṇa was the King of Uttarapāṇḍava, a country of great fame.
He was the grandson of Hariścandra and wished to earn fame by performing a
Rājasūya yāga as Hariścandra had done. Lavaṇa decided to perform the yāga
in his mind only. He made grand preparations for the yajña. He invited the
Ṛtviks and after invoking the devas inflamed the sacrificial fire. For one
year he observed yāga like that and in the end gave gifts to the brahmins
and the poor. It was all an imaginary performance that the King had in the
course of a single day when he indulged in a reverie. In the evening as
usual he continued his day to day duties.
One who performs Rājasūya will have to bear woes and sorrows for a period
of twelve years and since Lavaṇa had performed it mentally, Indra sent his
agent to give Lavaṇa worries mentally. Indra’s agent appeared in the court
of King Lavaṇa in the guise of a magician. The magician bowing before the
King with awe said, "Lord, I shall show you a magic. See it sitting on your
throne. It will be as astounding as if seeing moon rise on the earth".
Saying this the magician took a bundle of peacockfeathers and waved it
against the face of the King. That bundle was capable of producing
different objects and visions. The King fixed his eyes on the several
glittering spots on the feathers and soon he saw a relative of the
Saindhava King approaching the court. Behind him was a beautiful horse.
Holding the horse by the reins the new-comer addressed the King thus.
"Lord, this horse is as good as Uccaiśśravas and it has been sent by the
King of Sindhu to be presented to you. Best things should be given to the
best people and only then the value of the thing would be correctly
understood." The magician who was standing near-by supported the statement
of the new-comer. He said "Lord, what he says is true. This horse has
wonderful powers. Take a tour of all the worlds riding on this horse". The
King sat staring at the horse and he sat thus for an hour and a half. The
entire court was perplexed.
After some time the King awoke from his meditation and looking at his
courtiers in wonder he said thus: "I shall tell you what happened to me
during the short period I was sitting in meditation. While I was looking at
the peacock feathers of the magician I felt a desire to go hunting riding
on this horse. So I went to the forest alone riding on this horse. Very
quickly the horse took me a long distance deviating from the main path and
I soon found myself in the dark depths of a huge forest. By the time we
reached that forest my mind and body were equally tired and still we went
on moving till evening came. Somehow we crossed the forest and reached
Jāṅgala. There I found a cluster of lemon trees and to ease my body I
caught hold of a creeper hanging from one of the lemon trees. As I did so,
to my horror, I found the horse running away from me and leaving me alone.
Tired by the day’s travel I sat at a place and dozed. Darkness was creeping
in and soon the whole place was in complete darkness. It was very cold
also. Somehow I spent the night and when morning came, with hopes I walked
around the place. The place was still and no living thing was in sight. As
I roamed about I saw a forestgirl coming with a pot of rice. I approached
her and asked for some rice. She did not pay any attention to my request
and moved on. I followed her and she said she would give me rice if I
promised to marry her. In despair I agreed to her condition and she was
pleased with my reply. She gave me half of the rice and curry she was
carrying to her father and also some lemon-juice to drink. After taking
that food I rested for a while.
Her name was Hārakeyūrī. As soon as her father came from the fields she
told him everything. The caṇḍāla was immensely pleased to hear about our
marriage and all of us went to their hut. The scene I saw at the hut was
astonishing. At one place was the flesh of boars, horses, fowl and crows in
a heap and on the intestines of animals hanging from ropes sat birds
pecking at them. In the hands of children there were pieces of raw meat and
flies hovered round them. The hut presented a disgusting atmosphere and yet
I entered and sat on a leaf and my marriage with Hārakeyūrī was conducted
there. The celebrations of the marriage lasted for seven days and all these
days people danced and shouted amidst loud noises of drumming in a
hilarious mood of drunkenness.
Eight months passed by very soon and Hārakeyūrī became pregnant. She
delivered a girl first and soon we had two or three children more. I had to
do many cruel and nasty deeds to feed my family and gradually I became old.
My hair became grey.
At that time there occurred a great famine and those residing in the
forests were put to great trouble. There was no water to drink as all ponds
and lakes went dry. Some of us migrated to the vicinity of the Vindhya
mountain where there were plenty of waterfountains. A few committed
suicide. We also left the place and started walking, taking the children
also along with us. After some time we sat under a palm tree completely
exhausted. My wife began to weep profusely. She then kissed her children
and lay down and started sleeping. Thirsty and hungry my children lay there
awaiting death. Unable to witness the scene I jumped up from there deciding
to commit suicide myself. Suddenly my vision faded and I was able to see
this court and you all. This is the work of that magician".
The courtiers sat dumb-founded at the incredible story of the King.
Suddenly the magician disappeared. The magician after making the King
experience the woes of twelve years in a very short time left for the court
of Indra.
Next morning King Lavaṇa in the hope of seeing the place and people of his
dream in reality near the mountain Vindhya started with his retinue on the
false pretext that he was going to conduct a victory march When he entered
a big forest he met with many familiar places and hunters of his dream.
Then he saw the hut where he had lived. The same men and women were there
all around. Then the saw an old lady lamenting thus: "Oh my dear sons,
where did you go from my lap? My dear daughter, have you forsaken me? Oh
prince, you came here abandoning all luxury and the beautiful girls of your
palace and married my daughter. But God did not allow even her to be your
permanent wife. The river of life has to take worthless and mean paths
forced by circumstances. A very virtuous King had to come and live with a
caṇḍāla girl."
Hearing this the King went to her and asked her all details. When she
repeated the story the king knew that the lady was the mother of his
caṇḍāla wife. The King and ministers were surprised to find that his vision
was real and within that short period of his meditation he had lived a life
of years. This perplexed the King. He then gave the old lady whatever she
wanted and after consoling her started for the palace thinking about the
wonderful happenings and mysteries of life.
III Verse 6.12 Section III - Details of the Hermit’s Life
देवताभ्यस्तु तद् हुत्वा वन्यं मेध्यतरं हविः ।
शेषमात्मनि युञ्जीत लवणं च स्वयं कृतम् ॥ १२ ॥
devatābhyastu tad hutvā vanyaṃ medhyataraṃ haviḥ |
śeṣamātmani yuñjīta lavaṇaṃ ca svayaṃ kṛtam || 12 ||
Having offered to the gods that most pure offering consisting of
wild-growing things, he shall take to himself the remnant, as also the salt
prepared by himself—(12).
Medhātithi’s commentary (manubhāṣya):
He should eat only what remains after the offerings to the gods have been
made on the New and Full moon days,—and not any herbs, roots, fruits and
the rest.—‘He shall take to himself the remnant’ shall use it for his own
purposes, i.e., for the sustaining of his body.
He should eat only such salt as is ‘prepared by himself’ and not rock-salt
&c.—(12).
IV when sanyasa came and with restrictions? Rig vedam
does not speak about many foods. But sanyasis existed then also So they ate
devoid of salt And Sea and Rock salts were known. ONLY SILK RD DID NOYT
KNOWAS HE DOES NOT KNOW OUR CULTURE NOR SILK RD CULTURE TRADED GOODS K
Rajaram IRS 11424
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Q2 Why did it take humans so long to discover electricity and
technology?
KR: No truth to your claim at all. Electricity has been known
to exist since written records existed, probably even before that too. It’s
just we did not know how to make it or what to do with it till recently.
*sky-born First Agni of lightning (Rig-Veda 10.45.1-3; also 1.143.2,
3.2.13, 6.6.2).*
*Rig Veda Book 5 Hymn 54*
*पर शर्धाय मारुताय सवभानव इमां वाचम अनजा पर्वतच्युते **|lightning*
*घर्मस्तुभे दिव आ पर्ष्ठयज्वने दयुम्नश्रवसे महि नर्म्णम अर्चत **||*
*पर वो मरुतस तविषा उदन्यवो वयोव्र्धो अश्वयुजः परिज्रयः **|*
*सं विद्युता दधति वाशति तरितः सवरन्त्य आपो ऽवना परिज्रयः **||*
*3 They gleam with lightning, Heroes, Casters of the Stone, wind-rapid
Maruts, overthrowers of the bills, Ft through desire to rain coming with
storm of hail, roaring in onset, violent and exceeding strong.*
*Rig Veda 10.45.1*
*दिवस्परि प्रथमं जज्ञे अग्निरस्मद्द्वितीयं परि जातवेदाः । तृतीयमप्सु नृमणा
अजस्रमिन्धान एनं जरते स्वाधीः ॥*
*divas pari prathamaṃ jajñe agnir asmad dvitīyam pari jātavedāḥ | tṛtīyam
apsu nṛmaṇā ajasram indhāna enaṃ jarate svādhīḥ ||*
*“Agni was first born above the sky; as Jatavedas he was born the second
time among us; the friend of man, he was born the third time in the waters;
the sage kindlin him eternally praises him.”*
*Commentary by Sāyaṇa: Ṛgveda-bhāṣya*
*Agni was first borṅi.e., Agni represents successively the sun, fire,
lightning. (Yajus. 12.18-29: Agni was first genitive rated as Prāṇa, or
vital air, from the breath of heaven, and that man genitive rated him;
secondly, that Prajāpati (nṛmaṇaḥ) created him eternal in all the waters,
and that the Yajaman lighting him also gives birth to him)*
Rig Veda 1.143.2
स जायमानः परमे व्योमन्याविरग्निरभवन्मातरिश्वने । अस्य क्रत्वा समिधानस्य
मज्मना प्र द्यावा शोचिः पृथिवी अरोचयत् ॥
sa jāyamānaḥ parame vyomany āvir agnir abhavan mātariśvane | asya kratvā
samidhānasya majmanā pra dyāvā śociḥ pṛthivī arocayat ||
“As soon as born {KR: Big Bang and then Agni as in narrated in oldest book
Rig vedam} , what that (Agni
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/agni#hinduism>) manifested to
Matariśvan in the highest atmosphere, and his radiance, kindled by vigorous
effort, spread through heaven and earth. ”
Commentary by Sāyaṇa: Ṛgveda-bhāṣya
Mātariśvan <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/matarisvan#hinduism>: to
the wind, to be fanned into flame; in another text: tvam agne prathamo
mātariśvane āvirbhava, by first manifest, Agni, to the wind; or mātariśvan
= yajamāna <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/yajamana#hinduism>, or
sacrificer
Much more in Yajur and Atharva vedas Do I have to? K Rajaram
IRS 11524
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Q3 What is the oldest archaeological discovery that has not
been proven to be a hoax?
KR: Yes, there have been several archaeological findings and
historical artifacts that were later proven to be hoaxes. Some notable examples
include:
Piltdown Man: Discovered in 1912, the Piltdown Man was thought to be the
"missing link" between apes and humans. It was later revealed in 1953 that
the skull fragments were a combination of a medieval human skull and an
orangutan jawbone, deliberately altered to appear ancient (PlanetMath).
The Cardiff Giant: Unearthed in 1869 in Cardiff, New York, this
10-foot-tall supposed petrified man was later revealed to be a carved
gypsum statue created as a prank by George Hull. Hull admitted to the hoax
after the statue had been widely exhibited as a genuine archaeological
discovery (PlanetMath).
The Shroud of Turin: Although some still believe in its authenticity,
multiple scientific analyses have dated the cloth to the medieval period,
suggesting it was a forgery created between 1260 and 1390 AD. The shroud
purportedly shows the image of a crucified man and was believed by many to
be the burial cloth of Jesus Christ (PlanetMath) .
The Hitler Diaries: In 1983, German magazine Stern announced the discovery
of Adolf Hitler's diaries, which were later found to be forgeries created
by Konrad Kujau. Handwriting analysis and historical inaccuracies revealed
the diaries to be fake.
Yet this Congo stuff is genuine but debatable as not relevant
material: Another interpretation by Alexander Marshack posits that it could
have been used as a lunar calendar, potentially tracking lunar cycles
(Wikipedia) (PlanetMath).The exact purpose of the Ishango Bone remains a
topic of debate, but it is widely recognized as a significant artifact
demonstrating early human numerical and possibly astronomical understanding.
K Rajaram IRs 11624
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On Mon, 10 Jun 2024 at 05:37, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <
[email protected]> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 06-2024-10*
>
> *TOPIC DISCOVERIES- BASE QUORA QA – COMPILATIOM*
>
> Q1 How did humans first discover salt for cooking?
>
> A1 Silk Road, May 30
>
> It certainly wasn't some dream.
>
> Early humans didn't wake up with a craving for salty mammoth jerky.
>
> No, it was more... primal.
>
> Think about it: these guys, living off the land, chasing herds, always on
> the hunt.
>
> Their diet? Mostly meat, plants, stuff with a little natural salt.
>
> But as their palates got more refined and they wandered into new
> territories, they stumbled on places where *salt was practically begging
> to be found.*
>
> Picture salty marshes, coastlines, even guys licking rocks (yeah, they did
> that).
>
> These places exposed them to a whole new level of saltiness, and it
> probably didn't take long to figure out it made their food taste better.
>
> It wasn't exactly culinary school, more like "survival of the saltiest."
>
> Now, they weren't exactly Michelin-star chefs back then.
>
> The first attempts at cooking with salt were probably pretty basic.Maybe
> rubbing some salt from a spring onto a hunk of meat, or using seawater to
> season their grub.
>
> Hell, they might've even watched animals licking salt, thinking, "Hey, if
> it's good enough for them..."
>
> Over time, through trial and error and probably a few too many salty
> surprises, they realized salt didn't just make food taste good, it kept
> it from rotting.
>
> That was a game-changer, especially in a world without those
> mini-fridges.Basically, the discovery of salt in cooking wasn't some grand
> epiphany.
>
> It was a gradual process, driven by observation, necessity, and a touch of
> caveman curiosity.
>
> Ancient humans were also engulfed in the endless pursuit of a good meal,
> even if it meant licking a few goddamn rocks along the way.
>
> *Q2 Why did it take humans so long to discover electricity and
> technology?*
>
> A2 Bene Certiorem, FX Trader, Studied at University of New
> South Wales (Graduated 1900)Updated Apr 20
>
> No truth to your claim at all. Electricity has been known to exist since
> written records existed, probably even before that too. It’s just we did
> not know how to make it or what to do with it till recently. As for
> technology, you will agree that the invention of the wheel, the use of a
> lever, the hammer, the chisel, water wheels, sails, etc, etc all were
> cutting-edge technologies at one point.
>
> Innovations and technologies can only move fast when there is a
> communication system in place i.e. technology moves forward on the
> shoulders of others. Many innovations did happen in ancient times, such
> as the Bagdad battery, but remained isolated and unknown. It was common
> in times of old for technologies to be invented several times over with
> each inventor being unaware of the previous invention.
>
> Lack of communication made technical progress very slow, it was not until
> the Industrial Revolution started that allowed people to travel in mass to
> see what others were doing, take their ideas and improve on them. The
> Industrial Revolution was the point at which technology moved forward at
> lightning speed.
>
> Ancient civilisations were no less intelligent than present people but
> isolation prevented the world as a whole from progressing technologically.
> e.g. over 2,000 years ago someone in Bagdad invented the process to make
> electricity, but the knowledge died with this genius. *It took 800 years
> for Alessandro Volta to re-invent the battery and another 80 years
> thereafter for Mr Tamworth to find a practical use for electricity*.
>
> Now, had we had communication systems 2,000 years ago, the invention of
> the battery would be known around the world, many would have found a use
> for it and technology now would be where it will be in 500 years (I say 500
> and not 2,000 because metallurgy, fuels and other peripheral infrastructure
> need to be invented too).
>
> Also, let’s not ignore religion & royalty. *Once upon a time, both
> imperial and religious leaders had an interest in suppressing technology.
> Leaders would prosecute*, jail or kill anyone who invented a technology
> that in any way could educate the populous, or threaten or lessen the
> absolute power of the king or religious leader. If it wasn’t for the French
> Revolution and the progressive open mind of Queen Victoria of Britain, the
> industrial revolution might not have happened.
>
> *Q3 What is the oldest archaeological discovery that has not
> been proven to be a hoax?*
>
> A3 Leila Scott, HeartfeltHero, Jun 5
>
> The oldest archaeological discovery that has not been proven to be a hoax
> is the Ishango Bone , which was discovered in the Democratic Republic of
> Congo in 1960 .
>
> This ancient artifact is a piece of bone with markings on it that date
> back to around 20,000 years ago . It is believed to be one of the
> earliest examples of human mathematical thinking , as the markings seem
> to represent a tally or counting system . This discovery has fascinated
> archaeologists and historians , as it provides insight into the development
> of mathematics and the cognitive abilities of early humans .
>
> However , there is still some debate over the exact meaning and purpose of
> the markings on the Ishango Bone .
>
>
>
> Q4 Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin. What
> other accidental discoveries revolutionized a particular field?
>
> A4 Brent Cooper,Updated 1y
>
> My favorite is a discovery during WWII.
>
> On December 2, 1943, the Germans bombed a key Allied port in Bari, Italy,
> sinking 17 ships and killing more than 1,000 American and British
> servicemen and hundreds of civilians. Caught in the surprise World War II
> air raid was the John Harvey, an American Liberty ship carrying a secret
> cargo of 2,000 mustard bombs to be used in retaliation if Hitler resorted
> to gas warfare.
>
> After the attack, which the press dubbed a “little Pearl Harbor,” U.S.
> General Eisenhower and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill concealed
> the truth about the shipment of poison gas, for fear Germany might use it
> as an excuse to launch an all-out chemical war.
>
> Because of the military secrecy, medical personnel weren’t alerted to the
> danger of contamination from the liquid mustard that spread insidiously
> over the harbor, mixing with the tons of fuel oil from the damaged ships.
>
> By the next morning, the patients had developed red, inflamed skin and
> blisters on their bodies “the size of balloons.” Within 24 hours, the
> wards were full of men with eyes swollen shut. The doctors suspected some
> form of chemical irritant, but the patients did not present typical
> symptoms or respond to standard treatments.
>
> After that and without warning, patients in relatively good condition
> began dying. These sudden, mysterious deaths left the doctors baffled and
> at a loss as to how to proceed. Rumors spread that the Germans had used an
> unknown poison gas. Lieutenant Colonel Stewart Francis Alexander, a young
> chemical warfare specialist attached to Eisenhower’s staff, was sent
> immediately to the scene of the disaster.
>
> Despite the denials of the British port authorities, Alexander quickly
> diagnosed mustard gas exposure.
>
> Finally, on December 11, 1943, Alexander informed headquarters of his
> initial findings. Not only was the gas from the Allies’ own supply, but the
> victims labeled *“Dermatitis N.Y.D.” had suffered prolonged exposure as a
> result of being immersed in a toxic solution of mustard and oil floating on
> the surface of the harbor.*
>
> Alexander’s “Final Report of the Bari Mustard Casualties” was immediately
> classified. But this was not before his startling discovery of the toxic
> effects on white blood cells caught the attention of his boss in the
> Chemical Warfare Service (CWS), Colonel Cornelius P. “Dusty” Rhoads. In
> civilian life, Rhoads served as head of New York’s Memorial Hospital for
> the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases.
>
> All deaths demonstrated mustard’s suppressive effect on cell
> division—suggesting it might be used to inhibit the fast-multiplying
> malignant white cells that can invade and destroy healthy tissue. Alexander
> had extracted invaluable data from the morgue full of case studies,
> pointing to a chemical that could possibly be used as weapon in the fight
> against certain types of cancer.
>
> Taking what they learned from Alexander’s landmark Bari report, and a
> top-secret Yale University clinical trial that demonstrated that nitroge
> mustard (a more stable cousin of sulfur mustard) could shrink tumors,
> Rhoads was convinced the harmful substance—in tiny, carefully calibrated
> doses—could be used to heal.
>
> In 1945, he persuaded the General Motors tycoons Alfred P. Sloane and
> Charles F. Kettering to fund the Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer
> Research (SKI), to create a state-of-the-art laboratory, staffed by wartime
> scientists, to synthesize new mustard derivatives and develop the first
> medicine for cancer—known today as chemotherapy.
>
> In 1949, Mustargen (mechlorethamine) became the very first experimental
> chemotherapeutic drug approved by the FDA and was used successfully to
> treat non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. This triumph galvanized the search for other
> chemical agents that specifically targeted malignant cells but spared
> normal ones, leading the American Cancer Society to credit the Bari
> disaster with initiating “the age of cancer chemotherapy.”
>
> All from the Germans bombing Allied ships containing mustard gas.
>
> Gopalakrishnan 10-6-2024
>
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