CULTURAL QA 06202416
Q1 BONUS: Cricket Ground: Size & Dimensions (With List of Largest
Grounds)
But first, what is the size of a cricket ground? The size of a cricket
ground (playing area) varies as its diameter can be in the range of 137.16
meters to 150 meters. The shortest boundary on a cricket field can be 59.43
meters from the cricket pitch, and the longest boundary cannot exceed 82.29
meters. An international stadium typically has a minimum of 17,000 m2 of a
grass field.
While this is a permitted range set by the International Cricket Council
(ICC), most cricket grounds have a varying boundary size. Size of the
playing area can also vary for women’s cricket matches. Let’s learn about
it a bit more –
For Men’s Cricket Matches –
Criteria Min. Length Max. Length Min. Diameter
Square Boundaries 59.43 meters 82.29 meters 137.16 meters
Straight Boundaries 64 meters 82.29 meters 137.16 meters
Note – the minimum and maximum lengths are from the centre of the pitch.
Apart from the length of the boundary from the pitch, ICC has also set a
standard distance of the fence/advertising board from the boundary. The
advertising boards have to be at a minimum distance of 2.74 meters from the
boundary.
Due to the varying diameters of the boundaries, the size of a cricket field
is often oval than circular. In fact, the
Most international matches, limited or unlimited overs, are played in an
international stadium. The size of a cricket stadium is much bigger than a
football or an olympic stadium. Thus, these stadiums have to be
custom-built.
There is also a set criterion for a stadium to qualify as an international
cricket stadium. The size of a playing field including the length of the
boundaries is one of the criteria, and the minimum requirements have to be
followed.
Thus, most international cricket matches are held at stadiums that qualify
the minimum criterion. Hence, ground size remains the same irrespective of
the format of the game.
Is the Ground Size different for Women’s Cricket?
Yes, the size of the playing field is different for Women’s Cricket
matches. Generally, the length of the boundaries is shorter than that of
men’s cricket matches. This can be seen from the table below –
For Women’s Cricket Matches –
Criteria Min. Length Max. Length Min. Diameter
Square Boundaries 50.29 meters 59.43 meters –
Straight Boundaries 50.29 meters 59.43 meters –
Note – the minimum and maximum lengths are from the centre of the pitch.
There is no minimum diameter required for boundaries.
Furthermore, the matches are held in the same stadium as that of men’s
cricket matches. Just that the boundaries are set further inwards as
compared to that of a men’s cricket match.
What is a Boundary on a Cricket Field?
Boundary, as the name suggest, is the extent of the playing area on a
cricket field. A cricket match is played within the boundary.
Typically, a boundary is marked with a white line or a white rope. In
international matches, these days boundaries are covered with soft
advertising cushions that serve a dual purpose of advertising space and
preventing injuries to a fielder diving for the ball.
In case white boundary lines or ropes are unavailable, other objects such
as flags or posts can be used merely to highlight the boundaries. These
objects are to be kept beyond the boundary.
What happens if there is an Object inside the Boundary?(south African
cricket ground has a tree just inside the boundaryline)
The possibility of such incidents are rare. Almost all stadiums are build
with international standards today.
But some old stadiums have had trees inside the playing area.
tree in the playing field on a cricket ground. Stadium at Pietermaritzburg,
South Africa has a tree in ground For such grounds, special rules come in
to play. For instance, if the ball hits the tree, irrespective whether
directly or after a bounce, it is considered a four. Furthermore, if the
ball hits the tree and a fielder catches the ball, the batsman is not
considered as out.
Additionally, if a person or an animal comes inside the boundary when the
ball is in play and the ball hits a person or the animal, it is not
considered as a boundary. This, however, is decided on a case-to-case basis
by the umpire.
What are some of the Largest Cricket Ground in the World?
Cricket is an international game and there are several cricket stadiums
across the world.
The largest cricket ground can be based on the following two criteria –
Largest Cricket Ground based on Size of the Boundary
Here is a list of grounds with largest boundary size –
No. Ground Name Country Boundary Type Size (in meters)
1 Sydney Cricket Ground (SCG) Australia Straight 93.72
2 Lords, London England Straight 88.87
3 The Wanderers, Johannesburg South Africa Straight
86.76
4 Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) Australia Square 86.24
5 SSC Colombo Sri Lanka Straight 86.09
A point to note here would be that the above figures are indicative. On an
actual match day, the boundary size can increase or decrease by upto 10
meters depending on the ground.
An interesting thing to note is that MCG by far has the highest square
boundary. In fact, it is so huge that the audience is not used to seeing
the ball not reach the boundary on the leg side. This also often creates a
misconception that MCG has the longest boundary in the world.
Largest Cricket Grounds based on Capacity
The largeness of a cricket ground is often based on the capacity of the
spectators. Based on this parameter, some of the largest cricket stadiums
are as follows –
No. Stadium Country Capacity
1 Motera, Ahmedabad India 110,000
2 Melbourne Cricket Stadium (MCG) Australia 101,024
3 Eden Gardens, Kolkata India 66,000
4 New Raipur Stadium India 65,000
5 Perth Stadium Australia 60,000
An interesting thing to note is that Eden Gardens in Kolkata had a seating
capacity of over 100,000. However, in order to match the international
standards during the 2011 ODI World Cup, Eden Gardens underwent renovation
and the capacity was reduced to 66,000 to accommodate the upgraded players
dressing rooms and other facilities.
K R IRS 16624
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Q3 How come Pakistan is able to sell its JF17 to multiple
countries but India is still waiting for a buyer for its Tejas?
KR Error prone; marketing is finalised but internal resources alone
being contemplated, unlike Pakistan for economy sake selling , not the
surplus, but the production becoming defenceless.
(2024 JUNE) On Wednesday, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) announced the
Union Cabinet’s clearance for Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) to build 83
Tejas Mark 1A light combat aircraft (LCA) for Rs 45,696 crore. This raised
concerns that the improved version of the current Tejas Mark 1 fighter
would cost a daunting Rs 550 crore each.
However, senior government sources have clarified to Business Standard that
each Tejas Mark 1A will cost no more than Rs 315 crore to build, with the
total manufacturing cost adding up to Rs 26,145 crore.
The balance of the Cabinet clearance includes allocations for tax and for
maintenance and support infrastructure in the two operational air bases
that will be home to the four squadrons of the Tejas Mark 1A.
Of the Cabinet’s total allocation, government taxes and levies constitute
about 20 per cent, or about Rs 9,000 crore. Effectively, the Ministry of
Finance will be appropriating a large chunk of the defence budget through
taxing an indigenous weapons platform.
In major arms manufacturing countries, such as the USA, defence equipment
and weaponry is exempt from excise and sales tax.
True, taxation of defence equipment merely amounts to money going from one
government pocket to another. However, it would have serious implications
when it comes to export of the Tejas Mark 1A. The government has emphasised
the need for promoting export, which would reduce the fighter’s cost
through manufacture in larger numbers.
At Rs 315 crore ($43 million) per fighter, the Tejas Mark 1A would be a
viable competitor in the international market for light fighters. It would
be less so if taxes took up its cost to Rs 378 crore ($51 million).
Competitors, such as the Sino-Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, are cheaper with a
unit cost of $25-30 million. However, the Tejas Mark 1A outperforms them in
avionics and weaponry.
This is through performance enhancements introduced into the Tejas Mark 1A,
compared to the current Mark 1. The Mark 1A features the Israeli Elta
EL/AESA 2052 active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, replacing
the Mark 1’s manually scanned Elta EL/M 2032 radar. None of the light
fighters competing with the Tejas features an AESA radar, which provides a
massive advantage in air-to-air as well as air-to-ground combat.
The Tejas Mark 1A also scores in electronic warfare (EW), being equipped
with an Israeli self-protection jammer (SPJ), carried in an external pod
under the fighter’s wing.
Finally, an operational edge is provided by the Mark 1A’s air-to-air
missiles. Its primary “beyond visual range” (BVR) missile is the indigenous
Astra, one of the Defence R&D Organisation’s (DRDO’s) outstanding
successes. In addition, the Mark 1A is integrated with the shorter-range
ASRAAM missile, built by European consortium, MBDA; and with the Israeli
Derby and Russian R-73 missiles.
While the Tejas LCA programme has been run by the DRDO, through an
organisation called the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), developing
and manufacturing the Tejas Mark 1A was entrusted to HAL. However, ADA,
which holds all the source codes of the Tejas, charged HAL a sum of Rs 800
crore for its partnership.
The amount cleared by the Cabinet also includes expenditure on setting up
operational infrastructure for flying the Tejas Mark 1A from two Indian Air
Force (IAF) bases, which are still unidentified. Each airbase will house
two Tejas Mark 1A squadrons.
Each of these two airbases will operate a Technical Training School, in
which maintenance technicians and even pilots will undergo continuous
training and upgrading of their technical skills. The cost of setting up
each of these training establishments will be over Rs 300 crore.An
expenditure of Rs 1,202 crore has also been budgeted for setting up “ground
support equipment” (GSE) and “ground handling equipment” (GHE) in both the
Tejas Mark 1A airbases. This equipment is required for the ground end of
flying operations – getting the fighter aircraft started up and airborne,
carrying out maintenance checks and a certain level of repair and
replacement of modules.
A large sum has been cleared for the Tejas Mark 1A’s “maintenance running
list of spares” (MRLS), which is a large inventory of spares and modules
that operational squadrons and depots holds in reserve. This is so that, in
the event of an aircraft component or module requiring to be replaced, it
is readily available with the airbase and there is no waiting period while
the part is obtained from a central depot.
IAF sources indicate that HAL initially submitted a cost estimate of Rs
59,000 crore, which was brought down by the Cost Negotiation Committee by
Rs 12,000 crore. In fact, the reason for HAL’s high initial estimate was
the IAF’s demand that the Tejas fighter’s engine – the F-404IN engine,
built by US firm General Electric (GE) – be manufactured in India with
transfer of technology (ToT) from GE.
Eventually, this plan was dropped due to the high cost demanded by GE for
ToT and licence to build the F-404IN engine in India. Buying ready-built
engines from GE brought down the project cost by Rs 12,000 crore.
NOTE JF IS NOT THE DESIGN OF PAKISTAN WHEREAS OURS IS OWNED. AND BEST
COMBAT PRESTIGIOUS ARE SECRETS AND NOT FOR SALE. USA DOES NOT SELL ALL ITS
ARMOURIES.
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Q4 Is life really unfair?
KR Life is fair or unfair is that of the perception of the
individual and hence asking such unfair questions, not a universal
statement, shall be construed, as desperados. Pushed back to the wall!!
अहं वैश्वानरो भूत्वा प्राणिनां देहमाश्रित: |
प्राणापानसमायुक्त: पचाम्यन्नं चतुर्विधम् || 14||15 B G
ahaṁ vaiśhvānaro bhūtvā prāṇināṁ deham āśhritaḥ
prāṇāpāna-samāyuktaḥ pachāmy annaṁ chatur-vidham
BG 15.14: It is I who take the form of the fire of digestion in the
stomachs of all living beings, and combine with the incoming and outgoing
breaths, to digest and assimilate the four kinds of foods.
Shree Krishna says that God exists inside all living beings as vaiśhvānara,
meaning “fire of digestion,” which is ignited by the power of God. The
Brahadaranyaka Upanishad has also stated:
ayam agnir vaiśhvānaro yo ’yam antaḥ puruṣhe
yenedam annaṁ achyate (5.9.1)
“God is the fire inside the stomach that enables living beings to digest
food.”
Though the scientific community has concluded, that the organs of the
digestive system such as the stomach, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, etc.
secrete digestive juices enabling the digestion of food in living beings.
This revelation by God suggests that such an approach is naïve. It is God’s
energy which fires up the digestive process in living beings. Chaturvidham
means four types and annam means food. Food is categorized into four types:
1. Bhojya - Foods that are chewed, such as bread, chapatti, etc. 2. Peya -
These are mostly liquid or semi-solid foods which we have to swallow or
drink, such as milk, juice, etc. 3. Kośhya - Foods that are sucked, such
as sugarcane. 4. Lehya - This includes foods that are licked, such as
honey, etc. In the last few verses, Shri Krishna has explicated how God
supports every aspect of our life. With his energy, He makes the earth
habitable, nourishes all vegetation, and even ignites the gastric fire to
digest our food. In the next verse, he concludes by stating that He is the
master of all knowledge.
Then where is that unfairness if aggrieved senselessly out
of envy and anger, comparing oneself?
K RAJARAM IRS 16624
On Sun, 16 Jun 2024 at 08:26, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <
[email protected]> wrote:
> CULTURAL QA 06-2024-16
>
> TOPIC- GENERAL INFORMATION .
>
> BASE- QA FROM QUORA-COMPILED
>
> Q1 What are some of the interesting facts about India?
>
> A1 Aayush Kaul, A Proud Indian by Birth and by Habit7y
>
> India is one of four main countries that makes supercomputers (the US
> China and Japan are the other three).
>
> Chail Cricket Stadium, Himachal Pradesh, has the highest cricket ground in
> the world. It is located 2444 metres above sea level
>
> Believe it or not, the world’s highest post-office is located in Hikkim,
> Himachal Pradesh.
>
> Believe it or Not: India has one y Open-air Family Prison
>
> Q2 What interesting thing did you read today?
>
> A2 Saumya Tiwa, See the world through my eyes ✨🌻10h
>
> A student studying in Russia says:
>
> The highest score for most of the exams in Russia is 5.
>
> If a student does not answer any question and returns back his exam paper
> blank, with no question answered, he gets 2 out of 5.
>
> In my first days at the University of Moscow, I did not know about this
> system and I was surprised and asked Dr. Theodor Medraev: "Is this fair
> that a student did not answer any question and you give him 2 out of 5? Why
> not give him a zero ?
>
> Isn't that the right way ?"
>
> He answered:
>
> "How can we give a Human Being a zero ?
>
> How can we give him a zero to someone who was getting up at 7 am to attend
> all the lectures ?
>
> How can we give him a zero since he got up in this cold weather, and used
> public transport and reached to do the exam in time, and tried to solve the
> questions ?
>
> How can we give him a zero for the nights he used to study and spent his
> money on pens and notebooks and bought a computer for studying ?
>
> How can we give him a zero when he left all other life styles and pursued
> his studies ?
>
> Here my son, we do not give a zero to a student just because he did not
> know the answer.
>
> We at least try to respect the fact that this is a Human Being, and he is
> having a brain, and he tried.
>
> Because this result which we give, is not just for the questions in the
> exam paper, it is also about showing appreciation and respect to the fact
> that this is a Human Being and deserves to have a score."
>
> Truly I cried and did not know how to respond.There I knew my value as a
> Human Being.
>
> Zeros can actually decrease motivation on students, and can quickly
> destroy them and make them stop caring about their studies altogether.
>
> Once a zero score has been put in the grade book, they need no longer care
> about that subject and they may assume that, there’s nothing they can do
> about it.
>
> Q3 How come Pakistan is able to sell its JF17 to multiple
> countries but India is still waiting for a buyer for its Tejas?
>
> A3 Dr. Umer ChaudhryMrs Lili Basu Biswas, Information about
> Indian defence May 28
>
> There are several factors contribute Chinese Pakistani JF-17’s leds over
> India’s LCA Tejas in export market.
>
> JF-17 has a clear unique selling points ( USP ) over LCA Tejas. JF-17
> is the cheapest 4th generation fighter plane in the world. It's operating
> and maintenance cost is lowest in it's segment but still it has significant
> capabilities. So the countries which has tight budget, are the primary
> buyers of this jet. Tejas is hardly able to showcase any of it's USP.
>
> JF-17 has enter service and become operational long before LCA Tejas.
> Tejas has become operational only by 2023 where as JF-17 become operational
> in 2014. So for JF-17 they had a lot data about operational service which
> showcase it's practical capabilities. We have to understand one thing that
> a aircraft is truly evaluated during it's operational deployment.
>
> Pakistan as establish it's supply chain system for JF-17. Now they
> have production capacity of 24 units per year. They had smaller foot print
> regarding the supply chain system. All of their sub systems are Chinese
> except the engine. So they actually needs to deal with just two companies.
> Therefore they can deliver products on time. On the other hand HAL is still
> struggling to meet the deadline set by it's primary customer IAF. It's well
> known that HAL is struggling with its supply chain system. The supply chain
> system of HAL Tejas has bigger footprint. Indian, Russian, Israeli, British
> and French sub systems are part of Tejas supply chain system. Which
> delaying it's delivery of product. Only in 2024, HAL is able to establish
> 16 units per annum production capabilities though they are still struggling
> with supply chain management. It would take another 3–4 years to stabilize
> everything.
>
> JF-17 has started it's marketing and promotions from 2012 onwards.
> But HAL has started it's marketing activities only after 2021. So JF-17 has
> much better market visibility and potential customer engagement activities.
> Only from 2023 we are hearing news of HAL’s potential customer engagement
> news. But Pakistan has started this process at least 8 years ago.
>
> JF-17 is relatively mature product than LCA Tejas. It is in active
> service for a decades. Therefore they already shortout the service related
> issues. LCA is in active service for last 2–3 years. It's service related
> issues needs time to be fixed.
>
> I believe that LCA Tejas would not get it's first customer before
> 2027–2028. It is expected that all product and production related issues
> would be fixed by that time.
>
> Q4 Is life really unfair?
>
> A4 Smita Ojha, Observing , learning and living Sat
>
> Yes, it is !She is my house help. A 50 years old lady.
>
> She is a Rajpoot( kshetriya) and her name is Hemkanwar Rathore. The people
> who know Rajasthan will understand the weight in this name. The people
> belonging to this category are full of pride like kings and power like
> soldiers.
>
> But life isn’t fair to this big hearted strong lady. She was married
> really young ( at the age of 14 ) and gave birth to 4 children , one boy
> and three girls. Her husband and mother in law used to love her a lot. They
> all were living a reasonably good life in a village as they had some land.
>
> One fateful day her husband died in a road accident ( mother in law was
> already dead by that time ). Now she was alone with 4 kids . She raised
> them ,get them married and shifted to nearby city with her son and
> daughter-in-law.
>
> Daughter-in-law and son sold the land and disowned her very soon. Now this
> lady lives in a small room, works in some houses to earn her living.
>
> Many times her *drunkard daughter in law* comes to her room and snatches
> her savings and beats her bad. Her abuses are too loud to gather crowd in
> front of her room. Her son is obviously mute. Her daughters also refused
> to take her out of this misery, though they do not forget to come when
> their mother calls to give them some gifts or money.
>
> Recently , her daughter in law came to her house and took Rs. 9000 from
> her. Then this lady filed a police complaint ( her neighbor helped her) and
> I took her to nearby bank to open an account.
>
> She has no one to take care when she is ill , she has no money , no house
> and all her four children do no good to her.
>
> Life isn’t fair.
>
> EDIT : Many readers found the mention of her caste as wrong. I mentioned
> it to express few things : She belongs to a family of warriors, she is
> mentally and physically strong , she lives her life with self respect and
> so on.
>
> Rajpoots are famous for above qualities .IT doesn’t mean that all
> rajputs are having these good things and if she would have been belonging
> to some other caste it would have made some difference. Coincidentally her
> caste and her characteristics are matching perfectly, thus I mentioned.
> Also, she is a woman of very high self respect and often says ,” Rajpoota
> ri hoon,baithar koni kha saku, thake ghare roti khai to thodo k kaam karno
> padega.” ( I am a rajpoot lady , I can’t sit and eat. If I am eating at
> your home, I have to pay in terms of some work).
>
> *Q5 What are the most mind blowing facts about Indian
> politicians?*
>
> A5 Swatanshu Shekhar Singh,Studied Politics of India &
> Political History of India4y
>
> Balasaheb Thackeray :-
>
> Once in Navratri, Balasaheb Thackeray received an invitation to be the
> part of this event in Mumbai.
>
> The program was held in a large hall in Mumbai. So there were some women
> standing and behaving as goddess's soul was doing strange agitation
> claiming to come to the body.
>
> So in a strange act, a woman came to Balasaheb Thackeray and was calling
> him. But Balasaheb rejected her and asked to go to her place.
>
> After a while, that woman again came to Balasaheb Thackeray and said to
> Balasaheb, "Will you do one thing for me"(Mera ek kaam karega) in a strange
> ghostly voice and action? So Balasaheb asked "what is the work"(Kya Kaam
> hai)? So the lady said "give my nephew a good job"?
>
> o this Balasaheb replied, "Goddess has come in you, not in me, so use the
> power of your Goddess and employ your nephew yourself ".
>
> In this way Balasaheb Thackeray gave a bewildering reply to
> superstition and hypocrisy.
>
> Gopalakrishnan 16-6-2024
>
>
>
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