CULTURAL QA 07202403
Every day chemistry- Base Quora QA- Compiled
Q1 If water contains oxygen and there is fuel and heat, can a
fire burn water?
KR KK Late CM, of TN will write the prose and then frame the
questions; so also, here. Water is not burnt hydrogen sir. Water and all
elements have the energy hidden in them, including AGNI BURNT. All of us
have that agni but hidden energy. The Tirumular write in the wood there is
a hidden elephant; like that. When energy conversion takes place, one form
of energy is changed into another form of energy, like electrical to heat,
light to heat etc etc.
Definition of fuel is any substance that can provide heat and
produce energy when it is burned. This energy that releases is generally in
the form of chemical energy or heat energy. Delivery of the heat depends on
the system used. In a hot water system, water is heated and circulated
through radiators or baseboards. In a steam system, water is heated until
it becomes steam, which then rises through pipes to radiators. And with a
warm air system, air (instead of water) is heated and a blower sends the
heated air through heating ducts to heating vents. Of a fire produce
flames and heat while consuming a material such as coal or wood: “a fire
burned and crackled cheerfully in the grate” CONSUMPTION OF SOMETHING
CHANGES THE ENERGY AS SOMETHING ELSE.
Fire requires three things to keep it going: fuel, oxygen and
a heat source. Rather than fight the fire directly, the water acts on the
fuel. Water actually makes it harder for the fuel — whether it's wood,
brush or a building — to keep burning. When wood is burning, the heat of
the fire is actually vaporizing substances in the wood, turning them to
gas, which then fuels the fire. If you douse the wood in water, the fire
must be hot enough to vaporize the water and the wood. Because of water's
high heat capacity, it takes a lot of energy or heat to vaporize water. If
the flame spends its energy trying to vaporize the water, it has less
energy to spend on heating the fuel. As the water absorbs the heat, the
fuel is cooled. And if the flame can't heat up the fuel enough to vaporize
it, the flame can't feed itself — so it will dissipate. Yes water has
oxygen; but no fuel to consume and heat up.
Q2 What would happen if chlorine wasn’t put in swimming pools?
KR I don’t know the Q pool owner is real as still he is bent
upon chlorine; it is allergic to so many; now a days alternatives to
chlorine have come. My son fitted UV light which cleans the pool perfect
and also display in the gauge outside.
Chlorine, as a purification agent, has been used for water
treatment and swimming pools since the early 1900s. However, there are
increasing concerns of this chemicals widespread and the long-term exposure
to human health. It is well documented that chlorine, when combined with
organic matter, can produce toxic byproducts such as trihalomethanes
(THMs). The health risk of THMs to swimmers is increased as chlorine levels
are higher and the organic load is heavier (leaves, algae, dead skin, hair,
cosmetics, and urine for example). Chlorine, even at proper levels, can
cause rashes and allergies in some people. Chloramines (another byproduct
of chlorination) is known to irritate the eyes, nose, and throat. Those
suffering from asthma and bronchitis are at a higher risk.
Many consumers lack the knowledge and understanding to properly
maintain the chemistry of their pool. Confusion on terms such as total
chlorine, combined chlorine, and free and available chlorine is common.
Understanding the need and timing to sock a pool relates to the previous
sentence. Since chlorine cannot stabilize in the water on its own, a dry
stabilizer (cyanuric acid) is added to the water to make it resistant to
sunlight. Many end users are not using the correct levels of the stabilizer
which increases chlorine consumption or could be damaging to the surface of
their pool.
Salt water pools are becoming more prevalent as people believe
it is a chlorine alternative and less maintenance. These saltwater pools,
which convert sodium chloride into chlorine, still require proper balancing
of the water chemistry. Not doing so will drastically increase maintenance
costs and the electrical cost can soar. Salt damage is prevalent it can
corrode the coping, decking, walls, and the floor of the pool.
Despite these drawbacks, chlorine is the most commonly used pool
sanitizer in the world today. It is effective as it curbs the growth of
algae and bacteria, oxidizes particulates to make the water clear, and it
sanitizes the water. However, more than ever, consumers are seeking an
effective alternative. So, if you are looking for a healthier alternative,
the post below discusses nine healthier and environmentally-friendly
options to chlorine for swimming pools.
Alternatives to Chlorine You Could Consider
Chlorine, nowadays, does have several alternatives that fulfill at least
the basic criteria of safety. There are tried and tested alternatives to
chlorine and research is still being continued to this day. Other aspects
one needs to consider are cost, maintenance, and suitability to your
requirements. Here are nine alternatives you may want to consider:
Bromine:
Bromine is used as an alternative to chlorine. However, it has similar
properties to that of chlorine and is a halogenic compounds. Also, bromine
is more expensive than chlorine. So, while it fulfills the aspects chlorine
does, it is not a very preferred option. Bromine, just like chlorine, needs
to be used in conjunction with other chemicals and additives. It is very
difficult to stabilize and does not work well in outdoor pools.
Ozonation:
You can easily install an ozone generator. It does help reduce the amount
of chlorine you use in the pool. Also, it helps degrade organic
contaminants. It is not an independent alternative must be used in
conjunction with chlorine or another sanitizer. This is because ozone does
not have sufficient residual capabilities as the gas is short lived. Also,
it is expensive as for the initial investment.
Reduction in Water Temperature:
Reducing your water temperature to colder than normal will help slow
bacterial and algal growth. Most of these microorganisms thrive and
proliferate in warm to hot environments. Also, it reduces the speed of
chemicals reacting with each other or human skin. So, while reducing
temperature is not an independent solution, it can definitely reduce the
quantity of chlorine you would have to use otherwise. The drawback here is
that it is difficult for some people to swim comfortably in cold water. The
method you adopt to reduce the water temperature would largely depend on
the outside weather. If the climate is warm and pleasant, you can go for a
pool chiller. If the outside weather is cold, you can opt for aeration or
oxygenation through fountains. If you have a water heater installed, lower
the thermostat level. Heaters and chillers are very expensive in comparison
to other pool equipment options. Chlorine, or other sanitation systems,
still must be used. However, the amount required is reduced. Probably not
enough to justify the expense.
PHMB:
Polyhexamethylenebiguanide or PHMB is developed by certain brands such as
Baquacil and Softswim as an effective alternative solution to chlorination.
This is a more stable ingredient than chlorine and is not affected by
sunlight. Hence, it does not require a stabilizer. Also, it does not
irritate the eyes or skin nor does it corrode the walls and floor of the
pool. However, it is more expensive than chlorine and so is the maintenance
cost of such pools. Another flip side is that you may require hydrogen
peroxide as an oxidizer and clean your pool filters once in a month. Also,
if converting to PHMB, it is recommended to drain out the water, which
probably contain traces of chlorine. Also, when swimming, your skin or
swimming suit should not have any traces of chlorine, else it may react
with PHMB.
U/V Light:
You can use UV light and chlorine in combination with each other. UV light
works as a sanitizer and destroys most germs in the pool, while chlorine
maintains the residual effect. Installing a UV light system in your pool
can reduce the quantity of chlorine you would have to use and it is
effective at reducing chloramines. To get the right size of UV light, you
would have to calculate the flow rate of your pool. If properly sized, the
UV light can destroy bacteria and viruses. UV does not provide any
sanitation residual and many microorganisms can reproduce at a faster rate
than water can be recirculated through the pool and the device.
Ultrafiltration:
The ultrafiltration method comprises the use of a fine sieve to remove
extremely small microbes, human skin fragments, hair and so on once the
basic filtering is done. Barring the required minimal amount of chlorine in
the pool, all the other suspended particles, organic matters, and bacteria
are picked and thrown out by this filter. This system comprises filter
tubes with very thin membranes to which water is flown in a circulation
loop at low pressure. These membranes have very thin semi-permeable pores
through which essential disinfectants and certain salts get permeated into
the pool again. So, water is purified without the use of chemicals. This
technology is extremely expensive for most applications. Over time, advance
and increase production will drive down the cost of these systems.
Mineral Water Pool Systems:
These cartridge-based systems consist of minerals/alloys that deactivate
algae and other microorganisms as water flows through its chamber. Two
common brands are Pool FROG and Nature 2 and can reduce the need for
chlorine up to 50%. They are easy to use and low on maintenance as you can
refill the mineral cartridges. This system can be simply attached to the
PVC pipes of pool systems. The drawback is that chlorine must be used and
the replacement cartridges can be expensive and have to be replaced often
on larger pools.
Pristine Blue:
This is a proprietary technology developed by Earth Science Laboratories.
Its main ingredient comprises copper sulfate pentahydrate which constitutes
up to 19.8% of its active ingredients. This technology uses the positively
charged copper ions to destroy all the negatively charged bacteria and
other germs in the pool. It is very effective; however, it is the most
costly option to maintain a swimming pool.
Copper Ionization:
cv60-copper-ionizationThis is the best available alternative so far. Copper
ionization is an effective option for a chlorine-free pool. There are no
residual chemicals which can cause irritation to eyes and skin. It is more
cost effective and produces healthy pool water. The copper ionization
system comes with an electronic control unit, test kits, and a copper
electrode. The ionization process releases metallic ions that are
introduced into the water by using a low voltage current. These
positively-charged, copper ions are attracted to the negatively-charged
bacteria and algae and penetrate their cell membranes. As the water is
recirculated, more such ions are produced. Copper ions are not affected by
sunlight and hence do not require a stabilizer. Unlike chlorine and salt
systems, ionizers are pH neutral so pH maintenance is easier. These systems
are easy to install and maintain and can be retrofitted to your existing
chlorinated pool.
Do you have a private swimming pool in your home, and looking for better
options to chlorination? Are you looking to improve the swimming pool in
your residential complex? If yes, discuss the ionization technology with a
reliable water treatment professional. Intec America provides water
treatment solutions for swimming pools, private wells, and surface waters.
They understand your requirements and will offer you the best possible
solution. Intec America was the first company in the US to popularize the
copper ionization technology developed by NASA. Since then, copper ionizers
have been largely used in swimming pools for water treatment. Over the
years, they have emerged as a healthy alternative to chlorine
So Q and A is very old.
Q3 What are some interesting facts about water?
KR Water is essential for life on Earth, and here are
some important facts about it:
Availability: About 71% of the Earth's surface is covered in water,
primarily in oceans, with only about 3% of all water being freshwater.
Drinkable Water: Of the freshwater, the majority is stored in glaciers and
ice caps (~69%), followed by groundwater (~30%), and only a small fraction
(~0.3%) is surface water in lakes and rivers. Potability: Not all
freshwater is immediately drinkable. Accessible freshwater must be free of
contaminants and safe for human consumption, which requires treatment in
many cases. Usage: Humans use freshwater for drinking, agriculture,
industry, and sanitation. Managing freshwater resources sustainably is
crucial for meeting global needs. Uneven distribution of freshwater across
regions necessitates water management strategies, including conservation,
desalination, and infrastructure development. A water is not only essential
for human life but also crucial for maintaining ecosystems, biodiversity,
and regulating climate patterns. Issues such as water scarcity, pollution,
and climate change impact water availability and quality, requiring
concerted efforts for conservation and sustainable use.
The estimated requirements of water on Earth can be broken down into
several categories:
Total Water Resources: As of current estimates, Earth has about 1.386
billion cubic kilometers (km³) of water. This includes water in oceans,
glaciers, groundwater, lakes, rivers, and atmospheric water.
Freshwater Resources: Freshwater constitutes only about 2.5% of the total
water on Earth. Of this freshwater:
Approximately 69% is stored in glaciers and ice caps.
About 30% is groundwater.
Less than 1% is surface water in lakes, rivers, and wetlands.
Human Water Requirements:
Drinking Water: The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that each
person needs a minimum of 50 liters of water per day for drinking, cooking,
and basic hygiene.
Agricultural Use: Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater,
accounting for about 70% of global water withdrawals. Efficient irrigation
practices are crucial to manage this demand sustainably.
Industrial Use: Industry also requires substantial amounts of water for
manufacturing processes, cooling, and other purposes.
Surplus and Management:
Surplus Water: Regions with surplus water resources can use mechanisms like
reservoirs and water transfer systems to distribute water to areas with
deficits.
Water Management: Effective water management strategies include water
conservation, recycling and reuse, desalination (converting seawater to
freshwater), and improving infrastructure to minimize losses and maximize
efficiency.
Challenges:
Water Scarcity: Many regions face water scarcity due to uneven
distribution, pollution, overuse, and climate change impacts.
Quality Concerns: Ensuring water quality is essential for human health and
ecosystem sustainability.
Sustainability: Balancing water use among competing demands while
maintaining ecological integrity is crucial for long-term sustainability.
In summary, while Earth has vast water resources, ensuring equitable access
to safe drinking water and managing water resources sustainably are
critical challenges requiring global cooperation and innovative solutions.
Efficient water management, conservation efforts, and technological
advancements will be key to meeting current and future water demands while
preserving the health of ecosystems and communities worldwide. {LIVE
SCIENCE}
Q4 If we breathe out carbon dioxide, how come blowing on a fire
fuels it with oxygen?
KR It is a good question; Simple my dear Watson; When we
exhale, the composition of the air remains almost the same as the air we
inhale, only the percentage of carbon dioxide and oxygen changes. The
amount of inhaled air contains 21% of oxygen and 0.04% of carbon dioxide,
while the air we breathe out contains 16.4% of oxygen and 4.4% of carbon
dioxide. However, it’s important to know, the exhaled element when a person
blows on a fire Is not 100% Oxygen, it contains carbon dioxide, and water
vapor. The Real surplus of oxygen occurs when the wind tunnel created by
the blowing force produces a vortex that pulls the oxygen lurking around
the fire into the fire. Now apply the commonsense.
Q5 Why do farts sometimes stink and sometimes not?
KR This question would have been by passed , had the school
learnt people ever remembered atleast once sensed and about to fall
unconscious , because of a pungent odour from the lab or while passing
certain hut dwelling streets or gutters (I am not talking about our gutters
in the groups) when if you don’t close your nose , your heart will burst
out, SULPHUR ; HYDROGEN SULPHIDE H2S.
According to the World Health Organization, several foods and drinks may
contain sulphides. Hydrogen sulphide is absorbed quickly from your
digestive tract and most of it is processed by your liver and excreted
through your kidneys or your lungs. The amounts present in most foods are
considered too low to produce significant effects. For reference, an oral
dose of 250 milligrams per kilogram of body weight did not appear to cause
harm in rats after fourteen full weeks of exposure.
Cooked beef has about 0.6 mg of hydrogen sulfide per pound, and
cooked lamb has closer to 0.9 milligrams per pound. Certain amino acids
contain sulfur, so hydrogen sulfide concentrations tend to be higher in
anaerobically packaged meat. Air-tight packaging prevents this compound
from being released into the air during storage. Cysteine and methionine
are two amino acids that contain sulfur and contribute to levels of
hydrogen sulfide. Animal proteins contain all of the essential amino acids,
so any packaged meat products will have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide.
Dairy and Manufacturing
Heated dairy products, such as skim milk, can have about 3 milligrams of
hydrogen sulfide per gallon. Cream has slightly more than double that
amount, mainly because dimethyl sulfide is sometimes added during the
processing of cream. This sulfuric compound might also be added to jelly,
soda and candy as part of the manufacturing process. Dimethyl sulfide can
be converted to hydrogen sulfide as food degrades, or as you digest it.
Usual Intake
Drinking water might also contain trace levels of hydrogen sulfide, but
more than 0.2 milligrams per gallon would create detectable taste and
smells. If your drinking water had anywhere near dangerous levels of
hydrogen sulfide, chances are you would not want to drink it because of the
smell. In the United Kingdom, average intake of hydrogen sulfide from food
and water is estimated at 1.7 milligrams per day. If you are concerned
about this substance, avoid processed foods and limit your meat intake.
Chances are your body will be able to handle the normal amounts already
present in your diet. Avoid H2S food. K Rajaram IRS 3724
On Wed, 3 Jul 2024 at 09:00, Gopala Krishnan <[email protected]> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 07-2024-03*
>
> *Every day chemistry- Base Quora QA- Compiled*
>
> *Q1 If water contains oxygen and there is fuel and heat, can a
> fire burn water?*
>
> *A1 Andy Duffell, Armourer, engineer, nerd.4y*
>
> *I think you’re essentially asking: why doesn’t water burn?*
>
> *Fair question, and the sign of a curious mind.*
>
> *You need three things for a fire, right? Fuel, oxygen, heat. So if
> hydrogen is flammable, and oxygen is in there, why doesn’t water burn when
> it gets hot?*
>
> *The answer is somewhat counter-intuitive: water is already burnt.*
>
> *Burning something is the process chemists, physicists and engineers
> (heck, even biologists…) call oxidation. Oxygen is a hungry little atom and
> just wants to react with and bind to everything. When this happens slowly
> it might be called rust:*
>
> *…but when the same thing happens rapidly it looks like:*
>
> *But it’s the same thing underlying it all: oxygen is binding with
> everything and oxidising it.*
>
> *So what’s this got to do with water? Water is what we call completely
> oxidised hydrogen. Burnt hydrogen. When you burn hydrogen it produces heat
> and water vapour.*
>
> *So water can’t burn any more because it’s already as burnt as it can get.
> Strange but true*
>
> *Q2 What would happen if chlorine wasn’t put in swimming
> pools?*
>
> *A2 Brennan Stark, I was the State Manager selling pool
> chemicals Mar 20*
>
> *I used to sell powdered chlorine to pool shops in the early to mid 90s.
> Man do I have some stories from that time. Everything from exploding
> chlorine tablets to rotting pool water. And I mean rotting.*
>
> *A real crazy one I will share with you now.*
>
> *I received a phone call from someone complaining my chlorine didn't work.
> It was clearly a product issue to them as they had been putting huge
> quantities of my chlorine into their pool but it just got greener and
> greener.*
>
> *So I went to their house to see what the problem was. Well they were
> correct about a green pool! I swear I could almost walk across it such was
> the amount of algae the pool had in it.*
>
> *Then they showed me their chlorine. Except it wasn't chlorine, it was
> lawn fertiliser!*
>
> *No wonder the pool was green!*
>
> *I asked them where the chlorine had come from only to be told it was
> already there when they moved in. They assumed it was chlorine as that was
> what was on the label firmly attached to the drum. They'd never had a pool
> before.*
>
> *Obviously the previous owner (or tenant) had used an old chlorine drum to
> store the fertiliser in as the drum made a great storage container.*
>
> *Q3 What are some interesting facts about water?*
>
> *A3 David Frigault, Novelist at Self-Employment (2016–present)
> Jun 13*
>
> *Water… it is all around us.*
>
> *As much water exists on Earth today as it did some 4,600,000,000 years
> ago when the planet first came into being.*
>
> *And suffice it to say, despite its existence being so vital to the
> survive of humans and other specifies, only about 3% of it is freshwater —
> of which, more than a quarter is located on Canadian soil, the largest
> wetland in the world.*
>
> *And yet, some 85% of the water flows north — directly away from the 95%
> or so of the Maple Leaf Nation’s inhabitants.*
>
> *In addition, some two-thirds of the world’s fresh water supply is
> inaccessible, leaving only 1% of the water on Earth drinkable freshwater!*
>
> *Water can even be defined by our body, objects, and scenery.*
>
> *For instance, 75% of our brain is water — same for trees — while our
> blood is made of 82% water.*
>
> *This is nothing compared to cucumber which has 95% water.*
>
> *For a human, the loss of even 4% of our normal water supply results in
> dehydration, with 15% being the point of fatality!*
>
> *Solid ice is 9% lighter than freshwater, which is why icebergs float.*
>
> *Underwater colours will disappear in the order of Red, Orange, Yellow,
> Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet** — the same coloured order as a rainbow.*
>
> *As amazing as this already sounds, did you know that there is six times
> more freshwater in the atmosphere (3094 CBM) than in our rivers (509 CBM)?*
>
> *When it comes to steel production, it is said that 300 tons of water are
> needed to produce one ton of steel!*
>
> *It has been suggested that around 10% of our freshwater supply comes from
> space comets, and that in our galaxy, comets collectively possess five
> times more freshwater than all our bodies of water on Earth combined —
> including saltwater.*
>
> *I hope my readers learned something from this!*
>
> *Now… if you do not mind, I am going off to drink my eighth 250ml
> medically recommended cup of the day!*
>
> *Q4 If we breathe out carbon dioxide, how come blowing on a
> fire fuels it with oxygen?*
>
> *A4 Mats Andersson, B. Sc, M. Sc from Uppsala University7mo*
>
> *“Breathe out carbon dioxide” is a simplification – what is known in the
> teaching business as “lies to children”, something that makes it easier to
> understand what is happening without actually being 100% true.*
>
> * We breathe in air containing 21% oxygen and 0.4% carbon dioxide (it was
> only 0.3% when I was in school).*
>
> *We breathe out air containing 16% oxygen and 4.4% carbon dioxide, so
> there’s still a lot of oxygen left in it.** This means that blowing on a
> fire brings new oxygen to the fire faster than the fire consumes it – we
> replenish the oxygen by shifting away old, oxygen-depleted air.*
>
> *The reason a candle flame goes out when we blow on it is not that we
> exhale carbon dioxide on it. It’s that when the flame is very small,
> blowing on it lowers the temperature below the flashpoint of the gaseous
> wax*
>
> *Q5 Why do farts sometimes stink and sometimes not?*
>
> *A5 Ravikumar K., Self employed (2019–present)Feb 1*
>
> *You have eaten four eggs and one loaf of bread. You are drinking water
> when an emergency call takes you to the job. You are busy for some time.*
>
> *Then you are going to the site with colleagues in ac. car when a loud
> cracking sound is heard with rotten fish or egg stinking smell! That is
> super sixer fart with teargas smell which even police hesitate to use on a
> crowd!*
>
> *Two people in the car laugh loudly because of it's unexpected arrival but
> nevertheless close their noses as a formality. The third one is getting
> vertigo because of his hypersensitive nose.*
>
> *Farts stink because of semi cooked food, indigestion, less water intake,
> medications, GI problems, not walking for five minutes after taking food,
> constipation, high sulfer foods etc.*
>
> *Some farts do not stink because there is less sulfur in food.*
>
> *One thing I do not understand is some farters close their noses even
> though they themselves have passed the rotten gas! I hope they better
> indicate in advance or use a flexible whistle in the lower hole!*
>
> *Gopalakrishnan 03-07-2024*
>
>
>
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