CULTURAL QA 07202406
TOPIC- HUMANS- Base QuoraQA- compiled
Q1 What do humans have most in common with reptiles?
KR: It is a wrong framing of a Q and A; all the species of the
earth shed skin and hairs. IT IS CALLED “MOLTING”. So, Q and A becomes a
questionable value prima facie.
National Geography says: “When you’ve got a tough exterior,
there’s only one way to grow: Shed your skin. Arthropods, the most abundant
group of animals on Earth, all possess a hard outer covering called an
exoskeleton, which protects them from predators and supports their bodies.
>From a crab’s shell to a ladybug’s shiny back, exoskeletons come in a many
shapes and sizes, but most are made of the same fibrous material: chitin.
When a young arthropod is ready to grow hormones trigger its skin to begin
molting, a process known as ecdysis. The outer layer of the exoskeleton,
the cuticle, and the layer beneath, the epidermis, begin to form a new,
replacement cuticle. The animal then takes in a lot of air, which shifts
fluid around its body to crack a suture, a weakened area on the
exoskeleton.Cockroaches, for instance, “split right down the middle of
their backs” and “pop out maybe in 20 minutes or less,” says Andrine
Shufran, an entomologist at Oklahoma State University. (Read why animals
developed four types of skeletons.) After molting, many insects are
vulnerable to predators until their exoskeleton hardens.
Aquatic crustaceans such as crabs take in water, which puts pressure on the
seam running around their bodies. This pushes them of their old shells,
like letters emerging from form-fitting envelopes.Because crustaceans molt
in one piece, “you can find perfect little empty skins of all sizes of
crabs and horseshoe crabs, for example, scattered along a beach,” Christine
Simon, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Connecticut, says via
email.Arachnids, such as tarantulas and scorpions, have less flexibility,
so “they pop their heads off, and then pull everything out of that hole,”
Shufran says.
On top of that bony shell are scutes (pronounced “scoots”), overlapping
plates made of keratin. Turtles shed their scutes as they would skin, which
may help the reptiles get rid of algae buildup on their shells or allow the
shell to grow bigger, Lovich says.For example, painted turtles shed their
scutes within a week, while slider turtles might shed their scutes over the
course of a year, Gibbons says.When a lizard is ready to molt, it often
appears dull in color, with cloudy eyes, and begins to wiggle around. To
make the first tear in its skin, the animal will rub itself on a rock or
another textured surface. Eventually the lizard will work its way out,
leaving behind a dead skin that often resembles a nylon stocking, Lovich
says. Though the discarded skin is colourless, you can still tell a snake
or lizard species from looking at the skin's patterns, Gibbons says. It’s
possible to identify a snake species by its shed skin (pictured, an
Aesculapian snakeskin).“It’s like a black-and-white copy,” Gibbons says.
The scarlet king snake, for example, has eye-catching red, yellow, and
black bands that show up on its molted skin in various gray hues. Other
factors, such as a shed skin’s size or scale type, can reveal what species
of snake it came from.Shed skin can even point to the location of its
previous owner. Look at the tail, Gibbons says: “It’s pointing to where the
snake went.”
Benefits beyond growth
Shedding skin also rids animals of ectoparasites—organisms that live on the
skin of the host. For instance, when some Australian geckos get rid of
their skin, they shed potentially harmful mites, too. Some lizards and
frogs eat the skin they shed, which is known as hematophagy. Insects, such
as Madagascar hissing cockroaches, also chow down on their former
exoskeletons. “It's good to hide any evidence that you’re around,” Shufran
says, “but it also is a way to conserve all the energy that you've already
put into your previous existence.”After molting, it can take from less than
a half an hour to several hours for an animal’s skin to harden, during
which time it’s vulnerable to injury or predation. Female American lobsters
move into a male’s burrow, molt, and then mate with the male, which then
guards the vulnerable females for several days.
In biology, moulting (British English), or molting (American
English), also known as sloughing, shedding, or in many invertebrates,
ecdysis, is a process by which an animal casts off parts of its body to
serve some beneficial purpose, either at specific times of the year, or at
specific points in its life cycle. In medieval times, it was also known as
"mewing" (from the French verb "muer", to moult), a term that lives on in
the name of Britain's Royal Mews where the King's hawks used to be kept
during moulting time before becoming horse stables after Tudor times.
Moulting can involve shedding the epidermis (skin), pelage (hair, feathers,
fur, wool), or another external layer. In some groups, other body parts may
be shed, for example, the entire exoskeleton in arthropods, including the
wings in some insects.
Determining the process birds go through during moult can be
useful in understanding breeding, migration and foraging strategies. One
non-invasive method of studying moult in birds is through using field
photography. The evolutionary and ecological forces driving moult can also
be investigated using intrinsic markers such as stable hydrogen isotope
(δ2H) analysis. In some tropical birds, such as the common bulbul, breeding
seasonality is weak at the population level, instead moult can show high
seasonality with individuals probably under strong selection to match moult
with peak environmental conditions.
Yes, even humans shed their skin, although the result isn’t as
fascinating to look at as the exuviae of other animals. Our skin grows with
us, unlike the harder exoskeletons of invertebrates or the restrictive skin
of reptiles. As our skin grows, older skin cells die and fall from our
bodies. According to the American Academy of Dermatology Association,
humans have roughly 19 million skin cells per inch of our body! We lose
30,000 to 40,000 skin cells every day. Although you can’t see the cells
with your naked eye, you’ve probably looked at your shed skin without
knowing it. Your dead skin cells actually make up a large portion of the
dust in your house!
IN A NUTSHELL, CREATIVITY DETERMINES THE QUALITATIVE VALUE AND
QUESTIONABALE VALUE ARE JUXTAPOSED.
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Q2 Why did homosapiens only start farming 12,000 years ago when
they have existed for 300,000 years?
G My note- Even without farming human consumption plants can grow. Note
to make a big example, recently I found a plant like cucumber started
growing in the compound, near fenced compound wall. Later our lady servant
noted it is white cucumber. It was made to spread on fencing. I only JUST
watered it. Now it gives white cucumbers. Perhaps some crows ate white
cucumber from opposite vegetable shop and dropped seed there. We don’t put
cucumber seeds anywhere near. (Not dhumbam)
KR Many would have read the agriculture in Rig veda written by me
long ago which a small well, could not have read and might be forced to
read only the questionable value, that too, note produced from my answer,
recently in his repetitive Agri based questions adding cucumber etc. Let it
be if someone understood my qualitative valued articles, coming handy now.
After all we GROW ONLY FROM READING AND WHEN AVIVEKIS GROW IT GIVES ALL
PLEASURE INDEED.
Now what kind of gossip was that answer? 12th millennium, nay,
before etc etc? British narrowed the Rigvedam to 1200 BCE as Moses was 1000
BCE and Maxmuller and The Justice could not grind it closer. Even by such
standards, the research paper on agriculture read as ( written in the group
by me on 22 2 24 also) ,”
1.1 Origin of rice
1.1.1 Oryza Sativa, it is believed, is associated with wet, humid climate,
though it is not a tropical plant. It is probably a descendent of wild
grass that was most likely cultivated in the foothills of the far Eastern
Himalayas. Another school of thought believes that the rice plant may have
originated in southern India, then spread to the north of the country and
then onwards to China. It then arrived in Korea, the Philippines (about
2000 B. C.) and then Japan and Indonesia (about 1000 B. C.). When Alexander
the Great invaded India in 327 B. C., it is believed that he took rice back
to Greece. Arab travellers took it to Egypt, Morocco and Spain and that is
how it travelled all across Europe. Portugal and Netherlands took rice to
their colonies in West Africa and then it travelled to America through the
’Columbian Exchange’ of natural resources. But as is traditionally known,
rice is a slow starter and this is also true to the fact that it took close
to two centuries after the voyages of Columbus for rice to take root in the
Americas. Thereafter the journey of rice continues with the Moors taking it
to Spain in 700 A. D. and then the Spanish brought rice to South America at
the beginning of 17th century.
1.1.2 The journey of rice around the world has been slow, but once it took
root it stayed and became a major agriculture and economic product for the
people. In the Indian subcontinent more than a quarter
of the cultivated land is given to rice (20011-12). It is a very essential
part of the daily meal in the southern and eastern parts of India. In the
northern and central parts of the subcontinent, where wheat is frequently
eaten, rice holds its own and is cooked daily as well as on festivals and
special occasions.
1.2 History of Rice in India:
1.2.1 India is an important centre of rice cultivation. The rice is
cultivated on the largest areas in India. Historians believe that while the
indica variety of rice was first domesticated in the area covering the
foothills of the Eastern Himalayas (i.e. north-eastern India), stretching
through Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Southern China, the japonica
variety was domesticated from wild rice in southern China which was
introduced to India. Perennial wild rice still grow in Assam and Nepal. It
seems to have appeared around 1400 BC in southern India after its
domestication in the northern plains. It then spread to all the fertile
alluvial plains watered by rivers. Some says that the word rice is derived
from the Tamil word arisi.
2 1.2.2 Rice is first mentioned in the Yajur Veda (c. 1500-800 BC) and then
is frequently referred to in Sanskrit texts. In India there is a saying
that grains of rice should be like two brothers, close but not stuck
together. Rice is often directly associated with prosperity and fertility;
hence there is the custom of throwing rice at newlyweds. In India, rice is
always the first food offered to the babies when they start eating solids
or to husband by his new bride, to ensure they will have children.
II Barley and wheat were the chief produce of the field, and the
principal articles of food. The names of grain found in the Rig-Veda are the
word yava, which in modern Sanskrit implies barley only, was used in the
Veda to imply food-grains generally, including wheat and barley. And the
word Dhana, which, in Bengal at least, now means paddy or rice, implies in
the Rig-Veda fried barley, which was used as food and offered to the gods.
There is no allusion to rice (vrihi) in the Rig-Veda. But find in later
Yajur vedam. We also find mention of various kinds of cakes prepared from
these grains and used as food and offered to the gods. The term pakti (from
pack, to cook, or to prepare) means prepared cakes, and various other
terms, such as purodasa (sacrificial cake), apupa (cake), and karambha
(barley groats), are also used.
Rig Veda 8.78.9
“To you my desire astens, seeking barley, cows and gold-- to you it hastens
seeking horses.”
Commentary by Sāyaṇa: Ṛgveda-bhāṣya
Barley:yava = barley; in the Atharva Veda and the Brāhmaṇas, yava and vrīhi
(rice) are the principal kinds of corn,while rice is not mentioned in the
Rigveda
त्वाम् । इत् । यवयुः । मम । कामः । गव्युः । हिरण्ययुः । त्वाम् । अश्वयुः ।
आ । ईषते ॥
tvām | it | yava-yuḥ | mama | kāmaḥ | gavyuḥ | hiraṇyayuḥ | tvām | aśva-yuḥ
| ā | īṣate
Hence the oldest evidence is found and so even before the world went
through the agriculture India was the pioneer. If 1200 BCE well; if 12000
BCE so well. (qualitative value sir)
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Q3 Why can't humans drink from lakes like animals?
KR THANK GOD YOU YOURSELF ANSWERED IT AS ABULL SHIT q AND a QUESTIONABLE
VALUE.
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Q4 How long can a human being fast without food?
KR Another repetitive questionable value Q and A.
Most people can survive without food for at least a few weeks, maybe a bit
longer. Eventually, however, starvation kills.Yet the limits on how long
people can go without eating are complicated; without water people are
unlikely to last a week, but the amount of time starvation takes can vary
drastically. Take the story of Angus Barbieri - for 382 days, ending 11
July 1966, the then-27-year-old Scotsman ate nothing. There's limited
documentation of Barbieri's fast: there are a few old newspaper stories
recounting his ordeal and more convincingly, there's a case report
describing the experience that his doctors published in the Postgraduate
Medical Journal in 1973. According to that report, Barbieri had walked into
the University Department of Medicine at the Royal Infirmary of Dundee,
Scotland, more than a year before, looking for help. He was "grossly obese"
at the time, according to his doctors, weighing 456 pounds (207 kg). The
doctors put him on a short fast, thinking it would help him lose some
weight, though they didn't expect him to keep it off. But as days without
food turned into weeks, Barbieri felt eager to continue the program. Absurd
and risky as his goal sounded - fasts over 40 days were and still are
considered dangerous - he wanted to reach his "ideal weight," 180 pounds
(82 kg). So he kept going. In what was a surprise to his doctors, he lived
his daily life mostly from home during the fast, coming into the hospital
for frequent checkups and overnight stays. Regular blood-sugar tests -
intended to demonstrate that he was somehow able to function while very
hypoglycemic - assured doctors that he really wasn't eating. Weeks turned
into months. Barbieri took vitamins on various occasions throughout the
fast, including potassium and sodium supplements. He was allowed to drink
coffee, tea, and sparkling water, all of which are naturally calorie-free.
He said there was the occasional time that he'd have a touch of sugar or
milk in tea, especially in his final few weeks of fasting. At the end of
his ordeal, Barbieri tipped the scales at 180 pounds. Five years later,
he'd still kept almost all the weight he'd lost off, weighing in at 196 (89
kg). The limits of the human body: The Scotsman's fast is perhaps the most
extreme example of a starvation diet ever recorded. At least one person has
reportedly even gone longer without food than Barbieri; a man named Dennis
Galer Goodwin lasted 385 days on a hunger strike to assert his innocence of
a rape charge before he was force-fed through a tube. But Barbieri's
extreme regimen is not the only fast for health of eye-popping duration. In
1964, researchers published a study noting that "prolonged starvation"
could be an effective treatment for severe obesity, with at least one
patient fasting for 117 days. For medical reasons, several others have
exceeded the 200-day fasting mark, though there has been at least one death
during the re-feeding period for one of those patients. In a sense, these
stories show the body's remarkable ability to (in a few rare cases) survive
off of its own fat stores, provided those stores are excessive enough in
the first place. Still, make no mistake, these types of extreme diets can
be deadly. No one can survive without energy, which comes from food and can
come from fat stores, though only for a period of time. While 'starvation'
as a treatment enjoyed some popularity in the 1960s and '70s, doctors
abandoned this strategy because it was likely to kill patients. After a
certain period of time the body burns through fat and muscle, eventually
causing physical changes that drastically increase the chance of a fatal
heart attack. Even low-calorie diets that provide insufficient nutrition
have killed, with autopsy reports showing the characteristic signs of
starvation. But as Barbieri shows, the question of how long people can live
without food is a complicated one. Before his first meal after the fast, he
claimed to have forgotten the taste of food. For breakfast on that July
morning, he then ate a boiled egg, a slice of bread with butter, and a cup
of black coffee. According to a report published in the Chicago Tribune,
the next day he told a reporter, "I thoroughly enjoyed my egg and I feel
very full. “For more on this story and for an in-depth look at the wild
science of fasting, check out Business Insider's feature investigating the
practice. (The questionable value and the quality value difference is,
while copying from somewhere without the application of the mind one does
as in Q and A, the other who read long ago, knows where exactly to search
in a few seconds; already once I wrote how I know where to seek in 7 vol of
Ganga and Palkiavala having read long back, several times). This article
was originally published by Business Insider. {From Vedas also I can quote
on fasting but it is a waste of time for the questionable value people} {It
is not ego; after all, avivekis can talk, why not some better than those
few?}
Q5 What are some of the best examples of honesty and humanity?
KR A good one; but many times it circulated the web sites, FB, WA etc.
But we do have so many doctors and patients who are human in value really
ass well the honest to repay. One for the road below whom no QUORA can
remember:
Saving Millions with His Work, This Unsung Doctor Almost Won India’s First
Nobel in Medicine!
Nominated for the #NobelPrize, this unsung pioneer also identified a new
disease, which is now named in his honour as Brahmachari Leishmanoid.
Furthermore, he also set up India's first blood bank!
Finding a cure to any disease is a monumental achievement. While there are
several Indians who have made important discoveries in medical science, did
you know that an Indian doctor almost won a Nobel Prize for one such
distinction in 1929?
We are referring to Dr Upendranath Brahmachari, the pioneer who discovered
Urea Stibamine, the life-saving drug widely employed in the treatment of
Kala-azar,(Visceral leishmaniasis), a disease that affects internal organs
like the liver, bone marrow and the spleen.
Upendranath Brahmachari
Kala-azar is transmitted via sand flies, and the first outbreak was
reported in 1870 in Assam. It led the death of thousands of people across
districts like Nagaon, Goalpara, Garo Hills and Kamrup, and eventually
spread to West Bengal and Bihar.
Doctors around the world attempted to find a cure but were mostly
unsuccessful. Dr Brahmachari not only pulled off the impossible but thanks
to his discovery, the mortality rate from the disease which was 95 per cent
was brought down to 10 per cent by 1925 and 7 per cent by 1936.
Academic life
Dr Brahmachari was born in Jamalpur in Bihar on December 19, 1873. His
father, Nilmony Brahmachari, was a physician in the East Indian Railways
while Saurabh Sundari Devi, his mother, was a homemaker. He completed his
school education from Eastern Railways Boys’ High School in Jamalpur.
He completed a BA in Mathematics and Chemistry from the Hooghly Mohsin
College in 1893, following which he switched tracks and pursued a Master’s
degree in Chemistry from the Presidency College in 1894.
Hooghly Mohsin College. He changed courses again and enrolled for a Doctor
of Medicine (MD) degree from the University of Calcutta. He finally
received this degree in 1902 and then in 1904, he earned a PhD for his
thesis on ‘Haemolysis.’
Medical practice In 1899, he joined the Provincial Medical Service as a
professor of Pathology and Materia Medica. He also served as a physician at
the Dacca Medical School in 1901. In 1905, he moved on to the Campbell
Medical School in Kolkata where he served as a teacher and a physician. It
was here that he would relentlessly pursue the antidote for Kala-azar.
Towards the end of 1919, the Indian Research Fund Association released a
grant to Dr Brahmachari to conduct further research into the treatment of
the disease.
He carried out his research work in Campbell Hospital, in a small,
ill-equipped room and finally tasted success in 1922, after discovering an
agent against Kala-azar, the urea salt of para-aminophenyl stibnic acid,
which he named Urea Stibamine.
Distribution of Kala-azar in British India (From ‘A Treatise on Kala-azar’,
by Upendranath Brahmachari) Source
Speaking about the accomplishment, Sir John Kerr, the then Governor of
Assam remarked:
“The progress in the campaign against Kala-azar in Assam has been
phenomenally rapid. Dr. Brahmachari’s researches in the treatment of
Kala-azar were one of the most outstanding contributions in tropical
therapeutics, as a result of which three lakhs of human lives were saved in
the Province of Assam alone during the course of ten years.”
Dr Brahmachari’s achievement is considered to be a milestone in the
successful application of science in medical treatment in the years before
the discovery and arrival of antibiotics.
His contributions to medicine did not end with this discovery. He would
become the first to identify, a skin infection which occurs in patients who
have recovered from Kala-azar, and it would go on to be named Brahmachari
Leishmanoid, after him.
He is also remembered for his pioneering work in the treatment of malaria,
the old Burdwan fever, quartan fever, blackwater fever, cerebrospinal
meningitis, filariasis, leprosy and syphilis.
Other Achievements Honoured as Rai Bahadur, 1915 and Knighted ,1937
Following the discovery, he joined the Medical College Hospital as the
Additional Physician in 1923 and founded the ‘Brahmachari Research
Institute’ in the vicinity of his home in Kolkata.
After retiring from government service in 1927, he joined the Carmichael
Medical College in Kolkata as Professor of Tropical Diseases. He was also
in charge of the Tropical Disease Ward at the National Medical Institute,
and the HOD of the Department of Biochemistry and Honorary Professor of
Biochemistry at the University College of Science, Calcutta.
Dr Brahmachari was a passionate social worker as well. He was instrumental
in setting up the world’s second blood bank in Kolkata in 1939.
Subsequently, he also went on to chair the Blood Transfusion Service in
Bengal. He was also the first Indian to become the Chairman of the managing
body of Red Cross in Bengal.
Awards and accolades
Being nominated to receive the Nobel Prize in the physiology and medicine
category is not the only feat he achieved. In 1921, he received the ‘Minto
Medal’ for his work by the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
He was also conferred a Knighthood by the British Government in 1934. The
Asiatic Society of Bengal honoured him with the Sir William Jones Medal’
while, the University of Calcutta felicitated him with the ‘Griffith
Memorial Prize’.
This underrated genius passed away at the age of 72, on February 6, 1946.
While his tremendous contributions to medicine have not received their due
attention, he will always be remembered as the scientist-physician who
saved millions of Indian lives.
-----------------------------------------
II The energy molecule Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) drives
processes in all living cells. This foundation block of life was discovered
in 1929 by two independent groups of researchers — Cyrus H Fiske and
Yellapragada
Subbarao at Harvard Medical School (Boston) and Karl Lohmann at the Kaiser
Wilhelm Institutes (Berlin and Heidelberg). {KR and subba rao family
continued their services in education as many would have known as “venkata
Subbarao schools; and in astrology wrote many Siddantha on DNA connecting
astrology some of which I had written in these groups; questionable values
residing in a small poodle may not be aware of it all }
III Thousand of lives were lost in the 1898 plague of Bengaluru. News
reports at the time chronicled stories of several hospital workers forced
to leave their jobs and flee but Dr Padmanabhan Palpu stood out for his
heroism. Appointed superintendent of the plague camps in the city, Dr
Palpu was responsible for running segregation camps for infected people,
contact camps and health camps for their relatives. While countless people
were in the chokehold of the plague, Dr Palpu would personally coax the
family members of infected people to move to these camps.
IV Dr Mary Poonen Lukose was the first woman from Kerala to graduate
in medicine. Whilst studying obstetrics and gynaecology at the Rotunda
Hospital in Dublin, she began training as a midwife and working in the
slums of Dublin to deliver babies. Following her return to India, Lukose
conducted present-day Kerala’s first C-section procedure in 1920. According
to historian Manu S Pillai, “By 1929, 1.6 million of the five million
subjects of Travancore had access to modern medicine.” {and many doctors
minted money out of it today and forgot her services}.
V Often hailed as the ‘Doyenne of Chemistry’, Prof Asima
Chatterjee was the first woman to be awarded a Doctor of Science by the
University of Calcutta in 1944. With more than 400 papers published in
national and international journals, Chatterjee was highly reputed. Over
her sixty-year career, one of her most applauded discoveries was the
anti-epileptic drug, ‘Ayush-56’ from Marsilia minuta, and the anti-malarial
drug.
AND WE CAN FIND HONEST SILENT SITTING ON THE …….
K Rajaram IRS 6724 7724
On Sat, 6 Jul 2024 at 10:11, Gopala Krishnan <[email protected]> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 07-2024-06*
>
> *TOPIC- HUMANS- Base QuoraQA- compiled*
>
> *Q1 What do humans have most in common with reptiles?*
>
> *A1 Sean Kernan,4y*
>
> *One thing we have in common that most people don’t realize:*
>
> *Shedding.*
>
> *Although our shedding is far less dramatic and in abudance—we shed a lot
> of skin in our lifetime. In fact—much of the dust in your house is actually
> your own skin cells.*
>
> *We shed 30,000 to 40,000 skin cells per hour. It comes out to .03 to .09
> grams of skin per hour. (Source: Does the dust in my house really include
> my own skin? Stephen & Swain, John)*
>
> *The average human will shed as much as 1 to 1.5 lbs per year of skin. Our
> outer layer of skin is gradually replaced over the course of 3–4 weeks
> depending on our lifestyle and nutrition. We will wear hundreds of new
> skins in our lifetime.*
>
> *Snakes also shed their skin, albeit in far more dramatic fashion. Their
> body waits until their current skin is fully stretched out—then signals to
> build a new layer underneath.*
>
> *Could you imagine if we shed like this? It would be terrifying.*
>
> *Q2 Why did homosapiens only start farming 12,000 years ago
> when they have existed for 300,000 years?*
>
> *A2 Martin Gremlich, Executive Founder and Senior Scientist at
> Institute for Human Biology (2015–present)Mar 27*
>
> *You ask WHY ... *
>
> *You apparently assume THAT some of our human ancestors started farming
> only 12,000 years ago.*
>
> *Warning: * *The fact that today**’**s archeologist can date earliest
> traces of farming around 12 millennia back does not mean that humans
> started farming only then – contrary, it means that farming must have been
> practiced latest already 12 millennia ago.*
>
> *The extremely rapid retreat of global glaciation over only a millennium
> (from about 13 to 12 millennia ago) resulted in an enormous number of
> cataclysmic events over a millennium all over the globe, including extreme
> floods. It changed farmable landscapes in a large scale. Most possible
> previous farmlands no longer exist today, They are now likely submerged
> below sea levels or disappeared otherwise – e.g. a previously lush green
> Sahara region with lakes and rivers (potentially good farmland) became the
> huge desert it is today. On the other hand, most possible farmlands of
> today did not exist prior to the end of the last extreme glaciation about
> 12 millennia ago.*
>
> *Farming does not principally require any machinery or complex tools, it
> can be achieved by the naked hand and e.g. some wooden sticks as tool**
> (still practiced this way today by some humans), domestication of certain
> animals requires even less. This leaves very few detectable traces, which
> could last over 12 millennia or more, so that we could discover them today.*
>
> *However, it certainly does not mean that farming has not been practiced
> by humans considerably much earlier that 12 millennia ago.*
>
> *Even though we have not discovered any conclusive archeological traces,
> from the rational point of view of natural science (human behavioural
> science – Human Biology) earliest farming most likely started latest with
> the most recent substantial migrations of modern human groups into colder
> climates of the northern and southern hemisphere some 70 millennia ago – if
> not even already much earlier in tropical (African) grasslands, from where
> some migrants simply brought the self-domesticated (territorial) lifestyle
> of farming along (in contrast to the socially considerably more
> sophisticated and demanding migratory hunter-gatherer lifestyle of their
> distant cousins, the Neanderthals, which were already there).*
>
> *You can be quite sure that farming (required to allow a domesticated
> territorial lifestyle outside the tropics) must have evolved at some places
> on the planet about simultaneous to our modern homo sapiens ancestors some
> 200–300 millennia ago as a survival response to our evidently biologically
> quite disadvantaged modern human anatomical design.*
>
> *My note- Even without farming human consumption plants** can grow. Note
> to make a big example, recently I found a plant like cucumber started
> growing in the compound, near fenced compound wall. Later our lady servant
> noted it is white cucumber. It was made to spread on fencing. I only JUST
> watered it. Now it gives white cucumbers. Perhaps some crows ate white
> cucumber from opposite vegetable shop and dropped seed there. We don’t put
> cucumber seeds anywhere near. (Not dhumbam)*
>
> *Q3 Why can't humans drink from lakes like animals?*
>
> *A3 Ronald Mills,20 years active duty US Air Force Aircraft
> Structures Tech Jun 2*
>
> *Umm who the hell ever said we can’t? We can drink from anywhere with
> water. The burden of intelligence and the gift of having science is we know
> we run the chance of getting horribly sick. You can take a giant gulp from
> any lake, stream, or river you want. You’ll likely be just fine other than
> a rather nasty taste sometimes. There’s just a non-trivial chance you find
> yourself in the clutches of Montezuma’s revenge. White knuckle gripping the
> sides of your toilet unleashing 50 megatons of assplosion.*
>
> *Water is water the reason we don’t generally go gulping from lakes is
> because we’re used to drinking filtered water in our daily lives** and
> are not accustomed to the bacteria present in most water sources. Now if
> you decide this whole modern civilization thing and exclusively get your
> water from the lake you will eventually get used to and build up an
> immunity to what is present in the water. It’s why people say “don’t drink
> the water in Mexico” the water there isn’t bad but if you are not from
> there it will contain things your body isn’t accustomed to that the locals
> are. Keep drinking it though and eventually it will no longer make you
> sick.*
>
> *This used to happen to me every time I deployed somewhere I’d never been
> before. It happens to everyone. The first time you inevitably get
> horrendously sick with what we just called the deployment crud. After you
> got used to the place and the local bacteria it wouldn’t happen the next
> time.*
>
> *My note- At one time, we had no wash rooms in homes and** had bath,
> teeth cleaning in rivers/lakes. We used river water only for teeth cleaning
> pouring water from river in to mouth for it. Many times we drank that water
> also. Those living near used to take river water for all purposes, when
> wells were dry.*
>
> *Q4 How long can a human being fast without food?*
>
> *A4 Charissa Enget, Copywriter. Engineer. Loves Thailand.5y*
>
> *I fasted for 21 days without food.*
>
> *I read a book about a magician who performed a stunt where he was locked
> into a glass box above the city. He did not eat for 53 days, he could only
> drink water. His stunt had to quit as doctors were monitoring his vitals
> and after 53 days they started to get too bad.*
>
> *I couldn't believe someone could fast that long without food and live, so
> I wanted to try it myself. I like challenging myself in weird ways I guess.
> But, I had to make sure I wouldn't die first, a lot of people told me I
> probably would.*
>
> *It turns out, fasting has been used for centuries as a form of healing**.
> Catholic churches had fasting centers where people could come when they got
> sick back in the day. Jesus, Gandhi, and pretty much every religious figure
> did it. It was well known that fasting healed the mind and the body.*
>
> *I read a lot of literature on how fasting has reduced cancerous tumors
> and even autoimmune diseases. I read about all of it's supposed health
> benefits: teeth whitening, skin clearing, tumor shrinkage, plaque eating,
> and fat reduction. They all sounded good to me. It said you got a
> heightened clarity of mind after 21 days so that was the time frame I
> decided to do.*
>
> *I began my fast. The first day wasn't bad. The second day I got really
> hungry and then it went away. The third and fourth day were bad. I was so
> hungry I didn't even leave my couch. I just sucked down water all day and
> slept. Apparently, after 72 hours your body goes into ketosis and starts
> living off of fat reserves. I think it took closer to 96 hours for me.*
>
> *After that, I completely lost my hunger. I actually had a lot of energy.
> The hard part wasn't eating, I no longer wanted food. The hard part was
> boredom!!! I suddenly went from eating 3 meals a day to eating nothing. The
> time I spent cooking, eating, and washing dishes was given back to me,
> probably at least 4 hours. I couldn't work out (bad on a fast) so that was
> out. I couldn't do any social things because those all involved eating a
> meal, drinking coffee, or alcohol, none of which I could do at the moment.
> So, I became ultra productive. I got all my homework done weeks in advance,
> I started crocheting and painting, and I slept a lot. My mom and friends
> received calls from me every day. I had so much TIME.*
>
> *Some days I felt weak, but other days I had a ton of energy. I felt great
> and really happy. My skin cleared up a lot after the 10th day and I did
> notice my teeth getting whiter. My tongue got white stuff on it; according
> to the internet that's a way your body gets rid of toxins. I lost around a
> pound of weight a day.*
>
> *After the 21st day, I was ready to eat again out of boredom. I started by
> drinking a decaf coffee. That was a mistake, my stomach had lost its lining
> so the acidity of coffee made me throw up. Everything I ate was really
> intense. Fruit tasted sweeter and everything had so much flavor.*
>
> *Overall, I'd lost 24 pounds and I looked really good. But, I** had never
> regained hunger. That meant I still had fat stores on me. If you fast long
> enough, you'll regain hunger one day which they call your “true hunger".
> That means your fat reserves are up and your body will start eating your
> muscles to survive, so you really need to start eating after that! I'd also
> lost some muscle, I was weaker at the gym now, but I regained my muscle
> quickly.*
>
> *Most people, if you're a normal weight, can fast 20-40 days before
> regaining hunger, before their total fat stores are up.** After regaining
> hunger, your body starts to eat muscle tissue for energy, which includes
> your heart, and it's only a matter of time before it will give out. Perhaps
> 7–20 days until death as preducted by some studies.*
>
> *But, if you're overweight or obese, you'll have a ton of fat stores ready
> to use. One guy fasted for 384 days under medical supervision on nothing
> but water and tea with no adverse affects. I'm sure he could have made it
> quite a while longer until his fat stores were completely up but he ended
> the fast when he hit 180 lbs.*
>
> *So the answer is, it varies**. But, if you're of a normal weight, your
> maximum is probably somewhere from 20-40 days until your muscle tissue
> begins to get compromised.*
>
> *Q5 What are some of the best examples of honesty and
> humanity?*
>
> *A5 Rohit Virmani, Knows English1y*
>
> *11-years-ago, a doctor named Bhagwant Singh performed an appendectomy (a
> surgical operation in which the vermiform appendix is removed) on a man who
> was dying of stomach pain. At that time, the man named Ram Sahay didn’t
> have any money to pay the doctor.*
>
> *On knowing his financial status, Singh very lovingly said to him that
> whenever he manages to collect the money, he can come and give it to him.*
>
> *The doctor never expected to get his fee and probably forgot about him as
> well. But Sahay didn’t. In the last decade, he collected the money he owed
> to Singh and came down from Haridwar to Punjab to give him that.*
>
> *Sahay reached hospital to meet the Doctor. Since Mr. Singh was out of
> town, Sahay waited for him for two days so that he could pay his debt.*
>
>
>
> *Sahay said to the Doctor (Mr. Singh): “I always remembered that I was
> indebted to Mr. Singh. Today, I want to unload that burden by paying back.”*
>
> *Mr. Singh: “For me, the fact that he came back after 11 years with the
> intention to pay me is a huge thing.”*
>
> *Mr. Singh returned the money and hugged Sahay.*
>
> *That's simply great!! Doc. operated a needy person in distress without
> any money, and the person who owed him came back to pay the debt. Both are
> great example of humanity and honesty.*
>
> *A big round of applause to both*
>
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