Antibodies are proteins that are part of the body's immune system and help
defend against harmful substances, called antigens:
Function Antibodies are produced by plasma cells in response to
antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and chemicals.
Antibodies bind to specific antigens, either destroying them directly or
making it easier for white blood cells to do so.
Circulation Antibodies circulate in the blood, and continue to do so
after exposure to an antigen, providing protection against future
exposures.
Types There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD,
IgE, IgG, and IgM.
Monoclonal antibodies Researchers can design antibodies to target
specific antigens, such as those found on cancer cells. These are known as
monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and can be used to treat a number of diseases,
including some types of cancer.
Autoimmune disorders Antibodies can also be produced when the
immune system mistakenly considers healthy tissue a harmful substance. This
is called an autoimmune disorder.
2 Antimatter, substance composed of subatomic particles that have
the mass, electric charge, and magnetic moment of the electrons, protons,
and neutrons of ordinary matter but for which the electric charge and
magnetic moment are opposite in sign. The antimatter particles
corresponding to electrons, protons, and neutrons are called positrons
(e+), antiprotons (p), and antineutrons (n); collectively they are referred
to as antiparticles. The electrical properties of antimatter being opposite
to those of ordinary matter, the positron has a positive charge and the
antiproton a negative charge; the antineutron, though electrically neutral,
has a magnetic moment opposite in sign to that of the neutron. Matter and
antimatter cannot coexist at close range for more than a small fraction of
a second because they collide with and annihilate each other, releasing
large quantities of energy in the form of gamma rays or elementary
particles. The concept of antimatter first arose in theoretical analysis
of the duality between positive and negative charge. The work of P.A.M.
Dirac on the energy states of the electron implied the existence of a
particle identical in every respect but one—that is, with positive instead
of negative charge. Such a particle, called the positron, is not to be
found in ordinary stable matter. However, it was discovered in 1932 among
particles produced in the interactions of cosmic rays in matter and thus
provided experimental confirmation of Dirac’s theory.
1,000,000,001 − 1,000,000,000 = 1
When matter meets antimatter, the particles annihilate each other. So, in
our evolving universe, why is there any matter left over? Brian Greene
discusses developments in the study of neutrino asymmetry. This video is an
episode in his Daily Equation series.
The life expectancy or duration of the positron in ordinary matter is very
short. Unless the positron is moving extremely fast, it will be drawn close
to an ordinary electron by the attraction between opposite charges. A
collision between the positron and the electron results in their
simultaneous disappearance, their masses (m) being converted into energy
(E) in accordance with the Einstein mass-energy relation E = mc2, where c
is the velocity of light. This process is called annihilation, and the
resultant energy is emitted in the form of gamma rays (γ), high-energy
quanta of electromagnetic radiation. The inverse reaction γ → e+ + e− can
also proceed under appropriate conditions, and the process is called
electron-positron creation, or pair production.
Physics and Natural Law
The Dirac theory predicts that an electron and a positron, because of
Coulomb attraction of their opposite charges, will combine to form an
intermediate bound state, just as an electron and a proton combine to form
a hydrogen atom. The e+e− bound system is called positronium. The
annihilation of positronium into gamma rays has been observed. Its measured
lifetime depends on the orientation of the two particles and is on the
order of 10−10–10−7 second, in agreement with that computed from Dirac’s
theory. The Dirac wave equation also describes the behaviour of both
protons and neutrons and thus predicts the existence of their
antiparticles. Antiprotons can be produced by bombarding protons with
protons. If enough energy is available—that is, if the incident proton has
a kinetic energy of at least 5.6 gigaelectron volts (GeV; 109 eV)—extra
particles of proton mass will appear according to the formula E = mc2. Such
energies became available in the 1950s at the Bevatron particle accelerator
at Berkeley, California. In 1955 a team of physicists led by Owen
Chamberlain and Emilio Segrè observed that antiprotons are produced by
high-energy collisions. Antineutrons also were discovered at the Bevatron
by observing their annihilation in matter with a consequent release of
high-energy electromagnetic radiation. By the time the antiproton was
discovered, a host of new subatomic particles had also been discovered; all
these particles are now known to have corresponding antiparticles. Thus,
there are positive and negative muons, positive and negative pi-mesons, and
the K-meson and the anti-K-meson, plus a long list of baryons and
antibaryons. Most of these newly discovered particles have too short a
lifetime to be able to combine with electrons. The exception is the
positive muon, which, together with an electron, has been observed to form
a muonium atom. In 1995 physicists at the European Organization for
Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva created the first antiatom, the
antimatter counterpart of an ordinary atom—in this case, antihydrogen, the
simplest antiatom, consisting of a positron in orbit around an antiproton
nucleus. They did so by firing antiprotons through a xenon-gas jet. In the
strong electric fields surrounding the xenon nuclei, some antiprotons
created pairs of electrons and positrons; a few of the positrons thus
produced then combined with the antiprotons to form antihydrogen. Each
antiatom survived for only about 40-billionths of a second before it came
into contact with ordinary matter and was annihilated. CERN has since
produced larger amounts of antihydrogen that can last 1,000 seconds. A
comparison of the spectrum of the antihydrogen atom with the well-studied
spectrum of hydrogen could reveal small differences between matter and
antimatter, which would have important implications for theories of how
matter formed in the early universe.
The implication that matter completely dominates antimatter in the
universe appears to be in contradiction to Dirac’s theory, which, supported
by experiment, shows that particles and antiparticles are always created in
equal numbers from energy. (See electron-positron pair production.) The
energetic conditions of the early universe should have created equal
numbers of particles and antiparticles; mutual annihilation of
particle-antiparticle pairs, however, would have left nothing but energy.
In the universe today, photons (energy) outnumber protons (matter) by a
factor of one billion. This suggests that most of the particles created in
the early universe were indeed annihilated by antiparticles, while one in a
billion particles had no matching antiparticle and so survived to form the
matter observed today in stars and galaxies. The tiny imbalance between
particles and antiparticles in the early universe is referred to as
matter-antimatter asymmetry, and its cause remains a major unsolved puzzle
for cosmology and particle physics.
3 Why all the para 1 and 2? Andathil ulladhu Pindathilum undu. Anti
matter concept is similar to anti-body. That means every action will have
a reaction? And will gravity have anti-gravity? So on so forth and thus the
scientist Kapila Rishi, segregated the plus and minus of the Easwaran the
Brahmam, as PURUSHA THE POSITIVE AND THE MAYA THE NEGATIVE, THE DEZIRE THE
EGO, THE AVIUVEKA. The existence is combined with the positive and negative
aspects as balancing the creation. Science is trying to discover which is
known already to the read Vedic scholars, as the matter is standard and
stay put all the time; the negative disappears and reappears. Black-hole is
that negative. Storage of Google and erased matters are safe in another
plane. What was spoken by Vasishta and Rama and the Ravana are still there
as matter to be recovered.
4 Rigvedam speaks about the twins of nature in whatsoever manner 1 as
Ashwin 2 as Yama-Yami (brother and sister and 3 as matter and antimatter as
under:
शयुः परस्तादध नु दविमाताबन्धनश्चरति वत्स एकः |
śayuḥ parastādadha nu dvimātā bandhana ścarati vatsa ekaḥ |
“Two female twins manifest in various forms. Out of them, one is white and
other is black. The black and white females are sisters. This is one of the
great deeds of gods.” {KR Matter and anti-matter are sisters} The Vedas
describe matter and anti-matter as twins. This is indeed a perfect
description, as particle and its anti-particle are born me same womb
(energy). Sometimes these twins are described as both sisters and sometimes
as one brother and other sister. As these descriptions are not of human
beings, these analogies are valid. The Vedas describe matter as white and
anti-matter as black. Universe consists of matter and anti-matter. A verse
from the ऋग्वेद (ṛgveda) describes this.
स सुष्टुभा स सतुभा सप्त विप्रैः सवरेणाद्रिं सवर्यो नवग्वैः |
sa suṣṭubhā sa stubhā sapta vipraiḥ svareṇādriṃ svaryo navaghvaiḥ |
“Those born together were divided in two forms.”
Opposite forms can have two meanings, matter and antimatter, or positive
and negative electric charge. A positively charged particle attracts a
negatively charged particle. Following verse describes this phenomenon:
दवे वीरूपे चरतः सवर्थे अन्यान्या वत्समुप धापयेते |
dve vīrūpe carataḥ svarthe anyānyā vatsamupa dhāpayete |
Our universe is matter dominated. If matter and anti-matter are created
together in same amount, then we should find equal amount of anti-matter.
Why is it that we don’t find much evidence of anti-matter as far as we can
observe. Are remote parts of the universe anti-matter dominated? Did matter
and anti-matter somehow get segregated in different corners of the
universe. Scientists do not think so. Scientists believe that when universe
was very young, for some reason a small excess of matter over anti-matter
was generated. As matter and anti-matter annihilated each other, this small
excess remained, and that small excess is our universe. The Vedas take a
different view. According to the Vedas matter and energy are constantly
being created at the surface of the universe, and there is an imbalance in
their creation. Matter and anti-matter continually annihilate each-other
and the small excess of matter has accumulated over the age of the
universe. Following verses describe the annihilation of anti-matter.
जग्मिर्युवा नर्षदनमवोभिस्त्राता न इन्द्र एनसो महश्चित ||
jaghmiryuvā nṛṣadanamavobhistrātā na indra enaso mahaścit ||
Indra is considered responsible for killing of black people in the ऋग्वेद
(ṛgveda). As matter and anti-matter are attracted towards each other due to
opposite nature of electric charge resulting in annihilation, electric
force is indeed responsible for this phenomenon.
यमस्य मा यम्यं काम आगन समाने योनौ सहशेय्याय |
yamasya mā yamyaṃ kāma āghan samāne yonau sahaśeyyāya |
जायेव पत्ये तन्वं रिरिच्यां वि चिद वर्हेव रथ्येव चक्रा ||
jāyeva patye tanvaṃ riricyāṃ vi cid vṛheva rathyeva cakrā ||
न तिष्ठन्ति न नि मिषन्त्येते देवानां सपश इह येचरन्ति |
na tiṣṭhanti na ni miṣantyete devānāṃ spaśa iha yecaranti |
अन्येन मदाहनो याहि तुयं तेन वि वर्ह रथ्येवचक्रा ||
anyena madāhano yāhi tuyaṃ tena vi vṛha rathyevacakrā ||
रात्रीभिरस्मा अहभिर्दशस्येत सूर्यस्य चक्षुर्मुहुरुन्मिमीयात |
rātrībhirasmā ahabhirdaśasyet sūryasya cakṣurmuhurunmimīyāt |
दिवा पर्थिव्या मिथुना सबन्धू यमीर्यमस्यबिभ्र्यादजामि ||
divā pṛthivyā mithunā sabandhū yamīryamasyabibhṛyādajāmi ||
Yama means twin, and here one of the twins is called Yama and other his
sister Yami. This dialogue, which is cited as prohibiting the union of
siblings, is not about the illegitimate relationship at all. This is a
dialogue between a particle and its anti-particle. If they join together,
they will change into radiation and material universe will not evolve. The
Vedas are written from the viewpoint of an existing universe, and sages
celebrate the important physical processes leading to the present state of
the universe. The stress here is that the material universe has evolved due
to one particle combining with another particle to generate a third
particle and so on. This is why Yami is told to join with someone else, not
her own anti-particle. In the Vedas Varuna is often called Asura. Varuna
has earlier been identified as electron. Spies of Varuna are often
mentioned in the Vedas, and “Nobody can deceive the spies of Varuna.”
बळ इत्था देव निष्क्र्तम आदित्या यजतम बर्हत |
वरुण मित्रार्यमन वर्षिष्ठं कषत्रम आशाथे ||
आ यद योनिं हिरण्ययं वरुण मित्र सदथः |
धर्तारा चर्षणीनां यन्तं सुम्नं रिशादसा ||
विश्वे हि विश्ववेदसो वरुणो मित्रो अर्यमा |
वरता पदेव सश्चिरे पान्ति मर्त्यं रिषः ||
ते हि सत्या रतस्प्र्श रतावानो जने-जने |
सुनीथासः सुदानवो ऽंहोश चिद उरुचक्रयः ||
को नु वाम मित्रास्तुतो वरुणो वा तनूनाम |
तत सु वाम एषते मतिर अत्रिभ्य एषते मतिः ||
baḷ itthā deva niṣkṛtam ādityā yajatam bṛhat |
varuṇa mitrāryaman varṣiṣṭhaṃ kṣatram āśāthe ||
ā yad yoniṃ hiraṇyayaṃ varuṇa mitra sadathaḥ |
dhartārā carṣaṇīnāṃ yantaṃ sumnaṃ riśādasā ||
viśve hi viśvavedaso varuṇo mitro aryamā |
vratā padeva saścire pānti martyaṃ riṣaḥ ||
te hi satyā ṛtaspṛśa ṛtāvāno jane-jane |
sunīthāsaḥ sudānavo ‘ṃhoś cid urucakrayaḥ ||
ko nu vām mitrāstuto varuṇo vā tanūnām |
tat su vām eṣate matir atribhya eṣate matiḥ ||
K Rajaram IRS 181224
---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Rangarajan T.N.C. <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 18 Dec 2024 at 09:17
Subject: antibodies
To:
wired.com
<https://www.wired.com/story/antibodies-could-soon-help-slow-the-aging-process/?utm_source=nl&utm_brand=wired&utm_mailing=WIR_Daily_121724&utm_campaign=aud-dev&utm_medium=email&utm_content=WIR_Daily_121724&bxid=61168054832db21ab1257947&cndid=65989357&hasha=e15fd607abdbec821e05bc6d21b2ba07&hashc=fc997a51f56a53b70dc1f1d5000d67c5a044ee053be9875d6a8e6fafb8cdb842&esrc=OIDC_SELECT_ACCOUNT_PAGE&utm_term=WIR_Daily_Active>
Antibodies Could Soon Help Slow the Aging Process
Andrew Steele
4–5 minutes
------------------------------
Normally, antibodies are protective proteins produced by our immune systems
to fight bacteria or viruses. Their strength comes from their
specificity—when you get ill, B cells in your immune system undergo an
exquisitely precise process of accelerated evolution, rapidly optimizing
antibodies that bind precisely to whatever is making you unwell, without
sticking to any of your body’s own cells. The antibodies can gum up the
workings of a marauding germ or mark it for destruction by other parts of
the immune system, making antibodies a critical defense against disease in
our immune arsenal.
This precise targeting ability also means they’re an attractive tool for
use in biology or medicine: You could use them to target anything from an
infection to cancer. Having identified a particular protein or process that
goes wrong in a disease, much of the time and work spent developing a drug
is actually finding medicines that hit the process you identified, while
affecting as little else as possible. This should provide for the maximum
treatment effect, with the minimum of side-effects. So, since our immune
systems have already worked out how to do this, scientists have speculated
about putting antibodies to use in clinical applications.
The first antibody approved for medical use was muromonab-CD3 in 1986,
designed (ironically) to suppress the immune system and prevent organ
rejection in transplant patients. There are now hundreds of antibodies in
use for everything from cancer treatment to the surprisingly
everyday—pregnancy tests and rapid Covid tests, for instance, rely on
antibodies.
Today the latest wave of antibody applications are going after a bigger
prize: the aging process itself. That’s because the biology of aging makes
us susceptible to a whole range of different problems, from diseases such
as cancer and dementia, to frailty, incontinence, and gray hair. Slowing
down this process could keep us all healthier for longer—and parts of it
are in the antibodies’ sights.
In 2021, a research group used antibodies to guide a deadly drug
<https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-99852-2> to aged, “senescent”
cells, whose removal has been shown
<https://www.wired.com/story/drugs-aging-medicine-biotech/> to make mice
live longer and healthier lives. Another paper in 2023 used subtly
different drug-bearing antibodies to rejuvenate the skin
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10051536/> of old mice. An
antibody targeting a type of age-related protein modification for cleanup made
genetically modified mice live longer
<https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.15252/emmm.202318526>. And, in March
2024, another group reported that antibodies targeting defective bone
marrow cells <https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07238-x> improved
response to a vaccine against the (very poorly named) Friend virus in
late-middle-aged mice. It will be a beautiful symmetry that the very
molecules our bodies use to fight disease could be repurposed to improve
this ability in old age. We also know that these elderly bone marrow cells
can increase the risk of blood cancers and heart disease
<https://www.jci.org/articles/view/180068>, so further testing could
unearth wider-ranging benefits.
These are all fascinating proofs of principle, and better skin and immunity
with age would be well worth having, but can antibodies slow aging and make
mice, or humans, actually live longer? In July 2024, scientists showed
that antibodies
targeting a protein called IL-11
<https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07701-9> could reduce
inflammation in mice and extend their lifespans by 25 percent—up there with the
best anti-aging drugs <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RODwPAdtrw8> we know
of, such as rapamycin. Even better, anti-IL-11 antibodies are already in
human trials, with (very) preliminary results
<https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/article/480/23/1987/233798/Understanding-interleukin-11-as-a-disease-gene-and>
indicating that they’re safe.
Greg Winter, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2018 for work on
isolating and mass-producing specific antibodies, told a conference in
2020: “I’m old now, and I have to take various blood pressure pills. I wish
I could just have an injection once every month or once every six months
and just forget about all those combinations of different pills.” The year
his dream comes true could be 2025.
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