CULTURAL QA 12-2024-09
SUBJECT –SCIENCE, BASSE QUORA QA
Q2 How are natural products discovered?
KR Nothing wrong if one were to keep chanting west as herps if they
want to be blind; they are really patriotic; but what are we? Not only
unpatriotic but also imperfect. I wrote a lot on many metals right from
gold found from Rig Vedam itself.
Man and metals have an age-old relationship. Different periods of early
human Civilization have been named after metals. The attributes of gold
influenced the mind and heart of Indians so much so that they conferred
upon the supreme spirit the designation of Hiranyagarbha. It was so called,
because he remains in a golden egg as an embryo. The two important sources
for the History of Indian metallurgy are archaeological excavations and
literary evidence. Although a considerable amount of information on this
subject from the study of archaeological finds is available, literary
evidence has not been studied to the extent it deserves. Unique information
related to metals and metallurgy is available in different Sanskrit texts
beginning with Vedic texts to medieval and pre-modern texts. There are both
direct and indirect types of references. An attempt has been made here to
give a glimpse of some such references.
The Rigveda has widely referred to Hiranya, which is the oldest Sanskrit
word for gold. It has also mentioned products made from gold, such as water
vessels, necklace and visor. Chariots decorated with gold have also been
mentioned. The Rigveda (10.75.8) mentioned that the river Sindhu (Indus)
contains gold. The word Hiranya Yi was used for the river. Another Rigveda
hymn (8.26.18), states that the path of the river Sindhu contains gold, and
the word used for it is hiranyavartanih. It is interesting to note that
Sayana translated this word as hiranmayobhayakula, i.e. both banks
containing gold. The above hymns are some of the earliest indirect
references to the alluvial placer gold deposits in India. The river Sindhu
was an important source of gold in ancient times. It is interesting to note
the references for the availability of alluvial placer gold in the river
Sindhu are also reported in modern times. Tucci reported in 1977 that
“there was near the Indus (Sindhu) source, as there are even now, great
mines of gold in the region of the
Manasarovar and in Thokjalyug”. Further, in the itinerary in Khotanese Saka
from Gilgit to Chilas (writtenbetween 958 – 972 A.D.) the Indus is called
Ysarnijittaji — the golden river, which is not a mere poetic attribute, but
a reality.
Gold obtained from the river Jambu was called jambunanda and that from
the river Ganga was called gangeya. These were also, alluvial placer gold.
The Pali text Anguttara Nikaya narrated the process of the recovery of gold
dust or particles from alluvial placer gold deposits in allegorical form.
The Mahabharata referred to pipilika gold (ants’ gold). Heaps of this
type of gold was presented to the king Yudhishthira at the time of rajasuya
yagna ceremony. Pipilika gold was powdery in nature and of high purity. It
was obtained by panning the auriferous soil of ant hills formed by ants or
termites as a part of their nature on the land containing placer gold
deposits and hence the name ants’ gold. Kautilya described a variety of
gold called rasaviddha, which was naturally occurring dissolved gold in
liquid form. He stated that one pala (a measure) of this solution converts
one hundred palas of silver or copper into gold, which refers to the
cementation of gold on the surface of metals like silver and copper.
A similar type of dissolved gold know as hatakaprabhasa was
mentioned in Gandavyuhasutra. Kalidas also mentioned such gold solutions
and termed it Kanaka rasa. It is astonishing to note how people recognized
such gold solutions in the past.
Native gold is invariably by no means a pure metal. It contains
upto 20 percent silver, copper, iron, lead, bismuth, platinum group metals
and other metals, as impurities. Thus, native gold would have different
colours depending upon the nature and amount of impurities present. It is
logical to assume that the different colours of native gold were a major
driving force for the development of gold refining process.
Although evidence of gold refining is available in Vedic texts in an
allegory form, it was the Arthashastra of Kautilya, which presented it in
detail.
Gold refining was a two-stage process. The first stage was the melting of
impure gold alongwith lead, which removed base metal impurities, but not
noble metals like silver. The second stage was to heat impure gold sheets
with the soil of Sindhu State, which contained salt. The sodium chloride
present in the soil reacted with silver and the resulting silver chloride
absorbed in the surrounding soil. This was a\ solid state process, which
involved diffusion of silver in impure gold and the subsequent formation of
silver chloride at the gold-soil interface.
It is important to note that Kautilya stated that the starting sheet of
impure gold must be thin, as this would improve the kinetics of the solid
state refining. Usage of gold in granular form, as was the case at least in
part in the Sardis refinery of the Lydian kingdom of Anatolia, would result
in lower yield.
Another important metal referred to in Rigveda is ayas. It has a shining
appearance. Ayashas different meanings in different periods. In early Vedic
period, it means either copper or copper alloys. One of the important
products made from ayas, as stated in the Rigveda, was the weapon of Indra
called vajra. It was made by the process of sinchan (casting). In the later
Vedic period ayas or karshnayas means iron.
In the Atharvaveda, rajata (silver), trapu (tin) and sisa(lead) have been
mentioned.
Kautilya also described the method for refining silver, which was similar
to the first stage process used in gold refining. Further, Kautilya stated
a very interesting qualitative test for ensuring the purity of cast silver
ingots. According to it, the surface of the cast pure silver ingots should
exhibit an appearance of chulika, i.e., projections similar to cock’s comb.
In other words, the top surface of the pure silver ingot has a rising
appearance at certain places. In fact, this is a reference to the spitting
and sprouting behaviour of silver. Oxygen dissolves readily in molten
silver. Molten silver dissolves approximately times its own volume of
oxygen near the melting point at one atmosphere pressure of oxygen. Just
below the melting point, the solid silver can dissolve oxygen only up to
half its own volume under similar conditions.
The large difference in solubility of oxygen in the liquid and solid state
causes the evolution of oxygen during solidification of molten silver.
Bubbles of oxygen are then given off, resulting in “spitting” at the free
surface. As a result, liquid silver from the interior is ejected on the
surface of the ingot and a shape similar to a cock’s comb is formed on the
top surface after solidification. This author carried out the experimental
replication of the formation of chulika on a small size cast pure silver.
If silver contains base metals such as lead and copper, then the dissolved
oxygen would combine with it to form respective oxides. In such a
situation, the phenomenon of spitting would not be observed and the surface
would be smooth.
In this context, it is interesting to note that the law governing the
solubility of gases in metals, known as Sievert’s law, came into existence
only in the early 20th Century. However, ancient Indians recognized the
practical aspect of Sievert’s law in judging the purity of silver.
There is a rich Sanskrit terminology for metals, from which interesting
information on history of metallurgy can be derived. Only a few uncommon
terms would be cited. Silver has a tendency to tarnish. It tarnishes
readily when exposed to atmosphere containing sulphur, and looks blackish.
Due to this characteristic, an uncommon Sanskrit name of silver is
durvarna. The copper produced in Nepal was called naipalika or nepalaka,
and was of high purity. Tin recovered from lead-tin alloy was called
nagaja, i.e. “that obtained from naga (lead)”. Similarly, tin recovered
from the impure gold containing tin was called svarnaja. India was not rich
in tin metal. Our ancestors were conscious of this problem and also
exploited secondary sources for tin recovery. The presence of lead
adversely affects the characteristics of gold and hence, it was also called
hemaghna.
The Rasaratnasamuchchaya described three types of ferrous materials, viz,
munda, tiksnaand kanta. When iron ore pieces are reduced by charcoal in
solid state, iron blocks containing porosity results. For this reason, the
reduced iron blocks are also called sponge iron blocks. Any useful products
can only be obtained from this material after removing the residual
porosity by hot forging. The hot forged sponge iron blocks are also termed
as wrought iron. Munda was wrought iron. As the name suggests tiksna has
superior hardness as compared to munda. Tiksna represented crucible steel
made by liquid metallurgy and also probably further carburised wrought
iron. Special varieties of iron were called kanta. An exciting example of
wrought iron produced in ancient India is the World famous Delhi Iron
Pillar. It was erected in the present position in Delhi in the 5th Century
AD by king Chandra Varman. However, the
engraved Sanskrit inscription suggests that it was probably brought here
from elsewhere in the Gupta period. The average composition (wt%) of the
wrought iron of the pillar is – Fe – 0.15 C – 0.05 Si – 0.05 Mn – 0.25 P –
0.005 Ni – 0.03 Cu – 0.02 N. The most significant aspect of the pillar is
that there is no sign of any corrosion, in spite of the fact that it has
been exposed to the atmosphere for about 1,600 years.
Another striking feature of the pillar is its manufacturing technology. It
was made by successive hot forging of directly reduced sponge iron blocks
produced from the solid-state reduction of iron ore by charcoal, in a die.
The joint lines that have not been completely removed by forging are
clearly visible on the pillar. This author discussed this aspect in detail
and opined that this procedure is basically very similar to current metal
powder forging techniques, with a difference that the latter is not usually
used to make a long product by joining pieces together (Powder Metallurgy,
1990, 33 (2), 119). In both the cases, hot forging in a die is done not
only to give the required shape, but also to remove the residual porosity
present in the starting material.
Indian crucible steel was a celebrated material worldwide. It was usually
produced by simultaneous carburisation and melting of wrought iron in
closed crucibles. Valmiki referred to it by the term “refined iron”.
Kautilya termed it vratta, because it was of circular shape. Dr. Helenus
Scott sent specimens of a variety of crucible steel, available in Mumbai
area, to sir Joseph Banks, the then President of the Royal Society, London,
for experimental investigation in 1794. He referred to this steel as wootz
in his letter.
Recent researches by this author have revealed that the actual name of this
steel was the Sanskrit utsa, which was erroneously transliterated in Roman
Script as wootz by Scott. James Stodart, fellow of the Royal Society, did
extensive work on this steel and mastered its hot forging, Stodart was so
overwhelmed with its quality that he mentioned this name utsa in Devanagari
Script on his trade card, along with a note that it is to be preferred over
the best steel in Europe. It was named utsa because it had a characteristic
of oozing out of low melting point liquid phase when heated to moderate
temperatures.
Historically brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, was known to man much
earlier than they were able to extract zinc from its ore on a large scale.
In the early period, zinc was designated as sattva of zinc ore. In the
medieval period, it was designated as yashada in Sanskrit. Zinc oxide,
known as pushpanjan, has been referred to in Charak Samhita. Rasaratnakar
(second Century AD) provides the earliest documentary evidence for the
cementation process for brass making and reduction-distillation process for
zinc extraction. Rasarnava and Rasaratnasamuchchayadescribed a typical
crucible, known as vrintak, having a shape similar to that of a long
variety of brinjal, to be used for making the reduction-distillation
chamber. The basic principle of the process resembles that of the
large-scale 12 Century industrial process for zinc extraction uncovered at
Zawar near Udaipur. It is a unique discovery and the retorts used at Zawar
are similar to the vrintak crucible.
The Mahabharata and some Puranas have referred to ferrous arrowheads, which
were subjected to ‘tailadhauta’ treatment. Valmiki used this terminology in
the context of battle axe. Some of the commentaries of Ramayana have
defined tailadhauta as the process used for hardening (of ferrous objects).
Clearly, this terminology was used in the sense of oil quench-hardening of
ferrous materials.
Manasollas, written in 1131 AD gives detailed information on fine quality
metal image casting by madhuchchhishta vidhan (lost wax process). Both
sushira (hollow) and ghana (solid) images were cast. Although the
documentary evidence is of a later period, it had been used since a very
long time ago. The famous bronze dancing girl from Mohanjodaro was made by
this process. Shilparatna (later part of 16th Century) has mentioned the
process of making fine gold powder from thin gold leaves for painting
applications. The powder produced would have a flaky shape, which gives
higher covering area per unit mass.
In the Indian tradition, people with expertise in technical disciplines
were highly regarded. This is reflected in a hymn of Atharvaveda, in which,
karmar (ironsmith or metalsmith in general) has been called manishi, i.e.,
a wise or learned person. Further, it has been stated in the Kavyamimansa
(10th Century A. D.) that goldsmith, ironsmith and similar other people
should also be invited by kings in the kavya-parik-sa sabha, i.e., literary
meetings organised to judge the scholarship of poets.
रथ । म स ज ॥६॥[Atharvaveda, 3.5.6]
Metal technology, for that matter, all other technologies, are human
creations shaped historically by context. The examples discussed here
illustrate how ancient Indians solved metallurgical challenges, which
helped in the development of Indian metallurgy and also the scientific and
technological temper in the people of those times.
It is understandable that most of the metal technologies of the past are
not relevant in present times. However, examples from the past can
re-energise us towards encouraging local innovations and enterprise at all
levels. Finally, it is clear that Vedic and classical Sanskrit texts are
knowledge texts, and the study of Sanskrit has value because Sanskrit is
not just a classical language, but a vehicle of discovering our knowledge
inheritance and assessing its contemporary relevance.
Thus we were older to the west by 10000 years.
Q4 Are there examples where evolution went wrong?
KR: Darwin theory totally failed as so many top scholars had pointed
out the weal procedures and conclusions in many volumes. I have written a
lot. Even the western science is modifying slowly though cannot ignore
Darwin. What Darwin said was said here through the dasavatharam. Or before
adopting from someone, analyse whether it can be true? If any one
specifically raises tangible questions I am willing to answer how we are
better forward than modern science, with which I have no rivalry.
Q5 How does fire/heat destroy bacteria?
KR: Yes, some bacteria are highly resistant to destruction,
including:
*Deinococcus radiodurans *This bacterium can survive radiation doses that
are up to 1,000 times more deadly to humans. It can withstand 5,000 grays
(Gy) of ionizing radiation with almost no loss of viability. It has
multiple copies of its genome and can quickly repair damaged DNA.
*Enterococci *These bacteria are naturally resistant to dryness,
starvation, disinfectants, and many antibiotics. They live in the
intestines of most land animals, including dinosaurs.
*Endospores *These shells are formed by bacteria to protect their DNA
from environmental degradation. They are considered "indestructible" or
very hearty.
*Antimicrobial resistant bacteria*
These bacteria are not controlled or killed by antibiotics. Most
infection-causing bacteria can become resistant to at least some
antibiotics.
Deinococcus radiodurans can be found in a wide range of habitats, including:
Soil: Deinococcus radiodurans is commonly found in soil, especially soil
that has been contaminated by animals Organic materials: Deinococcus
radiodurans is often found in habitats rich in organic materials, such as
feces, meat, and sewage Other habitats: Deinococcus radiodurans has also
been isolated from dried foods, room dust, medical instruments, and
textiles.
Radiation-contaminated areas: Deinococcus radiodurans is known for its
resistance to ionizing radiation and can be found in radiation-contaminated
areas
Hot springs: Deinococcus radiodurans can be found in hot springs
Deserts: Deinococcus radiodurans can be found in deserts {what will be the
temp?}
Antarctic soils: Deinococcus radiodurans can be found in Antarctic soils
Deinococcus radiodurans is an extremophilic microorganism that is highly
resistant to radiation, desiccation, and oxidizing and electrophilic
agents. It has a number of defence mechanisms that help it survive in these
extreme environments, including self-repairing DNA damage and clearing
cellular damage.
extreme and survivable organisms on earth are certain forms of
bacteria. Bacteria are not only highly survivable but they are so prolific
that there are approximately 5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 on
Earth at any given time. This is five million trillion trillion or 5 x 10
to the 30th power! Just looking at that number is unfathomable, let alone
attempting to count them, or get rid of them, or what not. Even if somehow
earth were to be attacked by an advanced alien race with the ability to
destroy the planet outright at its disposal, the bacteria would undoubtedly
survive such an onslaught, since some are so hearty they could even survive
in a vaacum indefinitely. Bacteria are the indeed the alpha and the omega.
They were here long before we got here, and they will be here long after we
are gone. What even makes such amazing survival skills possible? There are
many factorial reasons for this resilience, but one of the most well-known
capabilities is the ability of certain forms of bacteria to form so *called
“Endospores”.*
Endospores
Endospores are shells that bacteria form to protect their DNA from
environmental degradation. They are, from a microbiological perspective,
“indestructible” or at least exceptionally hearty. Let’s take a look at
what this shell is composed of, why it’s so hearty, and what conditions are
required to enter and exit the endospore state.
Stages of endospore formation from initial non-spore bacteria
The bacteria essentially, through a process called “sporulation” separates
its body into two parts and copies its DNA (the so called bacterial
chromosome) into one of those parts. This is essentially the spore part.
So is the bacteria living at this point, when it copies itself? It’s still
living but it’s not in its so called vegetative state, which is the state
when the bacteria is simply reproducing and metabolizing as normal. It’s
more like it’s in a replicative slumber. Some could even say that’s
“non-living” in that it can only return back to the land of the living by
being awakened by the correct environmental factors.
Endospore structure. Simple but super effective
To enter this state, the non-spore part of the bacteria actually forms a
shell around the bacteria, engulfing it. It also dehydrates itself,
expelling its water into the extracellular environment, so that its
internal metabolism ceases, even though the molecules of metabolic activity
remain. This is weird from a macrobiotic perspective, but a perfectly
normal phenomenon of the macrobiotic world.
For a human, it would be the equivalent of sucking your head down your
neck, shrinking your head by extracting all the aqueous contents, and
having it live in your abdomen, where it would be protected from outside
incursion, by having your stomach form another skull made of steel around
it. Once this second skull is formed, then your body would be simply
discarded, and you would be a double skulled dormant brain until your
environment decided your brain should expand again by sucking in water,
cracking the steel outer skull, and growing a completely new body from
scratch. Like I said: BIZZARE!
Imagine being this for your whole life…
Then becoming this for a million years… yup, the lives of bacteria
After engulfing the spore, the spore starts to form multiple layers of
protein around it, embedded with calcium and a molecule called dipicolinic
acid, making it progressively tougher and heat resistant and also
performing the aforementioned expulsion of water out of the bacterial body.
This process goes on for about 7 hours on average, until finally an
outermost super-tough layer of keratin surrounds it. Keratin is basically
the stuff your fingernails are made of, which aren’t the hardest things in
the world from a macrobiotic level, but are much harder than your skin, and
on bacterial scales, are one of the most impenetrable structures known.
This shell is called the corex
Dipicolinic acid, also known as pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, is a key
constituent in the endospore’s structure. It provides heat resistance for
not only the shell, but also the DNA contained within
In this shell state the bacterial spore is inactive and can remain that way
for up to thousands of years if need be. Supposedly some scientists have
discovered bacteria in the spore state from 10s of millions of years ago.
After awaking them, “so-called” ancient time capsules are uncovered, giving
a snapshot into microbial life from prehistoric times.
Awakening
So how do the endospores “awaken” and go back to living? Earlier I
mentioned environmental conditions, and usually to enter the spore state,
stressors need to be induced on the bacteria cell walls to indicate they
are in danger from excessive heat, excessive cold, toxins like human made
antibiotics, low food (no sugars are amino acids like Alanine present), .
When these stressors are there, a chemical signal cascade causes spore
formation activities. The reverse situation needs to be true for the
bacteria to return from their spore state to their vegetative state.
When conditions are favorable, the spore will rehydrate, which reignites
metabolism pathways like glycolysis. As water enters the spore, the
expanding of the spore from inside will eventually cause the external shell
to crack and shatter. After this the bacterial DNA can continue to be
transcribed and protein production via ribosomal activity can commence —
hence, life begins anew. This entire process by the way is called
germination, which is akin to when a baby plant germinates from a seedling.
Dangerous Spore Forming Bacteria
While endospores allow bacteria to survive the harshest environments on
earth, they are downright deadly for humans in many ways. Endospores not
only protect bacteria from natural stressors, they also protect them from
antibiotics.
The most commonly cited bacteria cited as being able to form endospores are
clostridium and bacillus. Clostridium is probably the more well known of
the bacteria, intimately to most people because it lives in the gut. It’s
also a bearer of Clostridium related diseases, and since it’s anaerobic, an
oxygen rich environment is one of its stressors, causing it to form a
spore, until it reaches an oxygen free environment in which case germinates
and becomes vegetative again.
Electron Micrograph of Clostridium Difficile Bacteria
Clostridium Difficile in fact gets its name from being difficult to kill
because of its spore forming nature and can lead to many diseases. I’ll get
into another entire article regarding bacterial diseases at some point, but
I hope this article gives you a lot to think about!
KR I can go still; all bacteria are not destroyable either in heat or
cold; yes there are some destroyed in cold also. So unaware of a broad
spectrum let not tiny tots’ replies be taken for granted
K Rajaram IRS 251224
---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <[email protected]>
Date: Wed, 25 Dec 2024 at 18:20
Subject: [iyer123] CULTURAL QA 12-2024-09
To: Iyer <[email protected]>
*CULTURAL QA 12-2024-09*
*SUBJECT –SCIENCE, BASSE QUORA QA*
*Q1 What's the funniest science-based joke you know?*
A1 Georgie, https://jokesnoneliners.blogspot.com/Dec 19
Once all the scientists die and go to heaven…… …..
They decide to play hide-n-seek. …….. Unfortunately Einstein is the one who
has the den……… .. He is supposed to count upto 100…and then start
searching… .. Everyone starts hiding except Newton ………Newton just draws a
square of 1 meter and stands in it right in front of Einstein…. …….
Einstein is counting…. ..97,98,99. ….100.. ……
He opens his eyes and finds Newton standing in front……. .
Einstein says “newton's out..newton's. …out… ..”
Newton denies and says I am not out……..He claims that he is not Newton……
All the scientists come out and he proves that he is not newton…… ….
how……… ……..
His proof:
Newton says: I am standing in a square of area 1m square…..
That means I am Newton per meter square……
Hence I am Pascal….since newton per meter square = Pascal
*Q2 How are natural products discovered?*
A2 Jay Bazzinotti, Consider my new novel, "Calf Pasture Pumping
Station" Sat
One of the oldest and most useful natural products is “alum” or aluminum
sulphate. . Alum has many, many uses and was described by the Egyptians as
a wonder product used as what we call a “flocculant” in pools and water
supplies where it causes impurities to gather together in a ball that can
be easily fished out.
It was so amazing to them that they preserved its production and usage in
hieroglyphics that survive to this day. Even the Romans used it to “clean”
their bathing pools. In the 1500s it was used to clarify municipal water
supplies. It is still used to clarify water and in sewage processing today
as one of the most common and important methods available.
Flocculant tubes are one of the most common sights at sewage treatment
plants. The waste is passed through a series of pipes with alum added to
allow the sludge to separate from the water. Sewage processed water is 90
percent pure, clean enough for livestock. The sludge is often heated and
dried then sold as fertilizer.
Aluminum is one of the most common elements in the earth today but it’s
hard to extract from bauxite and other compounds. When Alum was discovered
in worn powder form to cause the agglutination of standing water
impurities. From there, it was mined and improved through various methods
common to the ancients. *When it was discovered in Denmark by Hans Orsted
in 1820 aluminum was more valuable than gold*. It was so valuable that the
Washington Monument is peaked with aluminum instead of gold because at that
time it was so valuable
When paper was made, it was discovered that printing was not effective
because paper is a great absorbent and so the ink would run and the text
would be ruined. Alum was discovered to slow this process until the ink
dried and was applied to paper as a thing called “sizing”. The sizing
allowed the paper to take the ink without it spreading and running. If you
see paper with a “shiny” appearance, that is the sizing, usually, to this
day, alum.
Natural products can be discovered simply by observing them in nature and
making the connection between what they are doing and how they can serve a
human need.
*Q4 Are there examples where evolution went wrong?*
A4 Claire Jordan, Worked at National Health Service (NHS)7h
Yes, sometimes. Evolution is a progressive change in allele frequency in a
population. We think of it as natural selection leading to adaptation and
usually it is: but in small populations genetic drift is *also* a form of
evolution, and that can run you into a brick wall.
Even evolution by adaptation can be problematic, because it has no foresight.
If a family line produces lots of fertile offspring and grand-offspring it
has a selection advantage, it will produce more in each generation, and it
has no way to “predict” that an adaptation which is advantageous right now
could lead to over-specialisation several generations down the line. Then
if the environment changes the species may not be able to re-adapt fast
enough to survive.
For example, some American plants such as pawpaws and Kentucky coffee-trees
now have very patchy ranges, relative to the past, because their seeds
evolved to be eaten and then shat out by now extinct megafauna such as
ground sloths, and without them they have to rely on dispersion by water. I
remember reading of a case where wild ponies were deliberately introduced
to eat and process the seeds instead.
*Q5 How does fire/heat destroy bacteria?*
A5 Silk Road - The Second Act, Have read 10,000+ books. Sat
The heat essentially punches through the cell walls, shattering them.
When the temperature hits 140°F (60°C), the bacteria start dying. Their
proteins give up first. Like eggs in a hot pan, they denature. Change
shape. Can't do their jobs anymore. The cell falls apart from the inside.
It gets worst for them at 165°F (74°C). The heat rips across the cell
membranes. The fats melt. The walls preserving everything in order begin to
fall apart. The guts of the bacterium pour forth. There's no coming back
from that.
Go higher; past 212°F (100°C), the water within the cells boils. Steam
fills in. The pressure becomes too great. The cells exploded like ripe
fruit dropped on concrete. Swift and final.
That's why we cook meat. Why we sterilize medical equipment. Why forest
fires clean the earth. Heat is old medicine. Been killing bacteria since
the first campfire.
R.Gopalakrishnana 12-2024-09
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