A CAPITAL IS CHOSEN AND SEEN IN THE HISTORY
I Ancient period
Rajgir: Initial capital of the Magadha Empire from 6th century BCE to 460
BCE, called Girivraj at the time.
Pataliputra: Capital of the Magadha Empire under the following dynasties:
Nanda dynasty
Maurya dynasty
Gupta dynasty
Pataliputra also served as the capital of the Pala Empire for a brief
period.
Begram and Mathura: Summer and winter capitals respectively of the Kushan
Empire
Dharanikota near Amaravati and Pratishthānapura: Capitals of Satavahana
Empire
Srikakulam, Krishna district: Capital of Satavahana dynasty
Kandapura: Capital of Ananda Gotrika
Rajahmundry: Capital of Eastern Chalukya Kingdom, Reddi Kingdom
Vangipuram or Peddavegi: Capital of Salankayana dynasty and Eastern
Chalukya Kingdom
Vijayapuri South or Nagarjunakonda: Capital of Andhra Ikshvakus
Kalinganagara (modern Mukhalingam): Capital of Eastern Ganga dynasty
Kannauj: Capital of Harshavardhana's short-lived empire; also of Pratiharas.
Manyakheta, Avanti: Capitals of Rashtrakuta dynasty and Pratihara Empire
respectively.
Gadhipur: center of administration of the Gupta dynasty. Capital under
Jamwal kings Gaadhi and Vishvamitra.
Karur: Capital of Cheras
Dharapuram: Capital of Kongu Nadu
Puhar: Capital of Early Cholas.
Madurai: Capital of Pandyas
Gauḍa: Capital of Pala dynasty along with Pataliputra
Sigal: First capital of the Sakas 70bce-400
Taxila: Second capital of the Sakas 70bce-400
Mathura: Third capital of the Sakas 70bce-400
Sagala: Capital of the Indo-Greeks
Bhinmal: Capital of Gurjara Empire
Jaunpur: Capital of Sharqī dynasty (1394–1479).
Medieval period
Agra: Capital of Sikandar Lodi at the time of the Lodhi dynasty. Sultan
Sikandar Lodī (1488–1517) was the first to move his capital from Delhi to
Agra in 1506.
Vijayanagara: Capital of Vijayanagara Empire from early 14th Century until
1585, when it was abandoned, ostensibly due to lack of water.
Patna: Sher Shah Suri's Empire Capital between 1538/1540 and 1556 and also
served as Capital of Bihar Subah under Mughals.
Allahabad: The city was a provincial capital in the Mughal Empire and was
the headquarters of Jahangir from 1599 to 1604.
Ghor: Capital of Ghurid Sultanate
Budaun: Capital of Iltutmish empire.
Kanchipuram Capital of Pallavas
Thanjavur: Capital of Cholas
Murshidabad: In 1704, nawab Murshid Quli Khan changed the seat of
government from Dhaka to Murshidabad, renaming it after himself.
Pune: In 1730, Pune became the capital of the Marathas of the Maratha
Empire.At this time Maratha Empire was at its peak, and became the only
non-mughal capital.
Munger: Mir Qasim Ali, the Nawab of Bengal (from 1760 to 1764). In 1763,
Quasim shifted his capital from Murshidabad to Munger.
Daulatabad: In 1327, Indian, under Muhammad ibn Tughluq (r. 1325–1351),
forcibly moved the entire population of Delhi here, for two years, before
it was abandoned due to lack of water.
Hanamkonda and Warangal: Capital of Kakatiya Dynasty
Addanki: Capital of Reddy Kingdom
Cochin (1505–1510)
Old Goa (1510–1843)
Nova Goa (1843–1961)
Pulicat: capital of Dutch Coromandel until 1690 (1610–1690; 1781–1795)
Nagapatnam: capital of Tanjore district from 1799 to 1845 under Madras
Presidency of the British.
Pondicherry: capital of Puducherry union territory during French India.
Modern period
In 1858, Allahabad (now Prayagraj) became the capital of India for a day
when it also served as the capital of North-Western Provinces.
During the British Raj, until 1911, Calcutta was the capital of India.
By the latter half of the 19th century, Shimla had become the summer
capital.
King George V proclaimed the transfer of the capital from Calcutta to Delhi
at the climax of the 1911 Delhi Durbar on 12 December 1911. The buildings
housing the Viceroy, government, and parliament were inaugurated in early
1931.
That mans in the history no capital was at the right center or close to
some who desired thus. Capital is significant in the sense, that
administration can be done from any spot; at the same time foreign
dignitaries visits and the ruling administrators’ security and many factors
decide the capital, apart from the historic significance. If nearness,
center etc were to be considered ,all states of India, have their capitals
so for away from Borders and not at the center at all. People may say
Madurai is far away so let Trichy be capital of India and for TN also.
Disputes alone would arise; and as md Buin Tughlaq we have to keep shifting
the capital only. Quora alone will get such enflesh intelligence with a
minority blab las read.
2 NARAYANA is very well explained in our scriptures right from Rig
Vedam. Even SIVA is addressed as Narayana and hence meaning it only as
VISHNU is a self-conceit. Well, it is found in Ṛg Vēda only twice, once in
the Anukramaṇi of the RV 10.90 (i.e Puruṣa Sūktam), as the seer of the hymn
is Nārāyaṇa Ṛṣi. Second it is found in the Śiva Saṅkalpa Sūktam (RV Khila
10.171 or I.164) addressing Lord Śiva as Nārāyaṇa. The meaning of Nārāyaṇa
is normally given as “the one who indwells the waters” or “he whose place
of moving was the waters” or “the one whose adode are the waters”. —
“Narāṇām Ayaṇaḥ Nārāyaṇaḥ"
The name ‘Nārāyaṇa’ carries the essence of the Vedas, the
Purāṇas, and all other Śāstrās. Bhāvāratha Dīpikā, Śrīdhara Svāmi’s
commentary on the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, offers an etymological explanation of
the name of Nārāyaṇa~
nāraṃ jīvasamūhaḥ, ayanam āśrayaḥ
Nāra refers to the aggregate of all beings; ayanam alludes to an abode,
site, place of resort (Bṛ.Up.2.4.11.~ता यदस्यायनं पूर्वम् -tā yadasyāyanaṃ
pūrvam; Praśn. Up.~यथेमा नद्यः स्यन्दमानाः समुद्रायणा-yathemā nadyaḥ
syandamānāḥ samudrāyaṇāḥ). Hence Śrīman Nārāyaṇa is the final refuge of all
beings and entities. The Mahābhārata too confirms this~
अधॊ न कषीयते जातु यस्मात तस्माद अधॊक्षजः
नराणाम अयनाच चापि तेन नारायणः समृतः
पूरणात सदनाच चैव ततॊ ऽसौ पुरुषॊत्तमः
adho na kṣīyate jātu yasmāt tasmād adhokṣajaḥ
narāṇām ayanāc cāpi tena nārāyaṇaḥ smṛtaḥ
pūraṇāt sadanāc caiva tato 'sau puruṣottamaḥ
“He is called Adhokshaja, because he never falleth down or suffereth any
deterioration, and is called Narayana from his being the refuge of all
human beings. He is called Purusottama from Puru implying 'he that createth
and preserveth' and so meaning 'he that destroyeth, the union signifying
one that createth, preserveth, and destroyeth the universe'.”
Śrī Viṣṇu is the shelter of all beings, however, he himself is
completely independent(paratantra), and does not take resort in anything or
anyone. Śrīmad Vyāsa Mahābhārat validates this too in the Aśvamedha Parva~
“rudraM samAzritA devA rudro brAhmaNam AzritaH brahmA mAm Azrito rAjan
nAhaM kaM cid upAzritaH mamAzrayo na kaz cit tu sarveSAm Azrayo hy aham
evam etan mayA proktaM rahasyam idam uttamam”
“(Śrīman Nārāyaṇa said): The Gods take refuge in Shiva, Shiva takes refuge
in Brahma, Brahma takes refuge in Me, but I do not take refuge in anyone, O
Bharata-for me there is no refuge.”
Furthermore, The Viṣṇu Purāṇa explains the Tirunāmam as such~
आपो नारा इति प्रोक्ता आपो वै नरसूनवः। अयनं तस्य ताः पूर्व तेन नारायणः
स्मृतः॥६॥ तोयान्तः स महीं ज्ञात्वा जगत्येकार्णवे प्रभुः। अनुमानात् तदुद्धारं
कर्नुकामः प्रजापतिः॥७॥ अकरोत् स तनूमन्यां कल्पादिषु यथा पुरा।
मत्स्यकूर्मादिकां तद् वाराहं वपुरास्थितः॥८॥
“The waters were known as Nāra, as they were Nara's sons. As these were the
deity's first abode (ayana), he is known as Nārāyaṇa, “whose home was
water"." (Siva also dwells in water Ganga)
When the world still lay below the single ocean, the progenitor and lord,
knowing that the earth was in its waters, after consideration, desired to
raise it.”
This explanation is reiterated in the Manusmṛti, the sacred Bhārtā as well
as many other Śāstrās~
Manusmrti 1.10:—
आपो नारा इति प्रोक्ता आपो वै नरसूनवः ।
ता यदस्यायनं पूर्वं तेन नारायणः स्मृतः ॥ १० ॥
āpo nārā iti proktā āpo vai narasūnavaḥ |
tā yadasyāyanaṃ pūrvaṃ tena nārāyaṇaḥ smṛtaḥ || 10 ||
“Water is called ‘nara,’ — water being the offspring of nara; since water
was the first thing created by (or, the original residence of) that being,
he is, on that account, described as ‘Nārāyaṇa.”
Mahabharata, Vana parva section CLXXXVIII:—
3 आपॊ नारा इति परॊक्ताः संज्ञा नाम कृतं मया
तेन नारायणॊ ऽसम्य उक्तॊ मम तद धययनं सदा
āpo nārā iti proktāḥ saṃjñā nāma kṛtaṃ mayā
tena nārāyaṇo 'smy ukto mama tad dhyayanaṃ sadā
“In ancient times I called the waters by the name of Nara; and because the
waters have ever been my ayana or home, therefore have I been called
Narayana (the water-homed).”
Also, the term āyaṇa refer to the Final emancipation (Śvet. Up.~नान्यः पन्था
विद्यतेऽयनाय - nānyaḥ panthā vidyate'yanāya). Thus can Nārāyaṇa(nara+āyaṇa)
be termed as the one who offers liberation(mokṣa) to all the jīvas. The
scriptures too attest to this claim~
ārogyaṁ bhāskarādicchet dhanamicchet hutāśanāt; iśvarāt jñānamanvicchet
mokṣamicchet janārdanāt
One should worship the Sun-God for health, Fire-God for wealth, Lord Shiva
for knowledge, and Śrī Janārdana for mokṣa—Matsya Purāṇa 67.41
The Pañcharātras also offer another possible meaning of the name Nārāyaṇa.
The Parama samahitā, while explaining the order of creation(sṛṣṭi-krama),
explains that Śrī Viṣṇu alone is capable of granting eternal well-being and
thus, is termed as Nārāyaṇa~
सर्व कल्याणहेतुत्वात् तेनासौ पुरुषोत्तमः । नारायणमयं प्राहुरुभौ निश्रेयसोदयौ
॥ । स एव कुशलस्तत्र तेन नारायणस्तु सः। वासवो वसनादेहे सर्व एव शरीरिणः॥
“96. As being the cause of all that is good he is called Puruṣottama.
Eternal Well-being and worldly Prosperity alike are declared to be Nārāyaṇa
Himself.
97. In the dispensing of these He is alone capable; hence He is Nārāyaṇa.
Inasmuch as He is in all embodied beings, he is Vāsavā.”
All these descriptions are validated by the Bhāgavata Candrikā, another
commentary on the Bhāgavata Purāṇa by Śrīmad Vīrarāghava, which states a
verse as such~
nārāṇām ayanatvācca nārāyaṇa iti smṛtaḥ /
nāra-śabdena jīvānāṃ samūhaḥ procyate budhaiḥ //
teṣām ayana-bhūtatvān nārāyaṇa iti smṛtaḥ /
nāro narāṇāṃ saṅghātas tasvāham ayanaṃ gatiḥ /
tenāsmi munibhir nityaṃ nārāyaṇa iti smṛtaḥ //
cetanā'cetanaṃ sarvaṃ viṣṇor yad vyatiricyate /
nāraṃ tadayanaṃ cedaṃ yasya nārāyaṇas tu saḥ //
Thus, in so many possible ways can the Divine name of Śrīman Nārāyaṇa be
explained. Śrīmad Madhvācārya in his work, Śrī Kṛṣṇāmṛta Mahārṇava, lists
the glories of Hari-nām, and states as follows~
nārāyaṇeti mantro'sti vāgasti vaśavartinī tathā'pi narake ghore
patantītyetadadbhutam
“There is one mantra called ‘Nārāyaṇā’. There is a tongue at one’s
disposal. Yet people fall into Naraka. This is a wonder!”
Namo Nārāyaṇāya.
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
3 creatinine: Certain conditions may cause a person to have
higher than normal levels of creatinine. People with only one kidney may
have a normal creatinine level of about 1.8 or 1.9. Creatinine levels of
2.0 or more in infants and 5.0 or more in adults may indicate severe kidney
damage.
early symptoms may include:
Itching
Muscle cramps
Nausea
Vomiting
Loss of appetite
Swelling in the feet and ankles (edema)
Excessive urination or lower than normal urination
Shortness of breath
Trouble sleeping (insomnia)
Nerve pain
Fatigue
Dry skin
Confusion
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
K Rajaram IRS 5 3 25
On Wed, 5 Mar 2025 at 18:33, 'gopala krishnan' via KeralaIyers <
[email protected]> wrote:
> Thank you sir for responding to my suggestion. I think Chennai/Madurai can
> be best capital. Kochi is least desired for many reasons.
> Gopalakrishnan.
>
> On Wednesday 5 March, 2025 at 01:37:41 pm IST, Narayanaswamy Iyer <
> [email protected]> wrote:
>
>
>
> Dear folks
>
> New Delhi might well be easily accessible to North Indians.
>
> *But it is still far, far away from Kerala and Tamil Nadu.*
>
> Why not make Madurai or Kochi-Ernakulam the new capital?
>
> S Narayanaswamy Iyer
>
> On Wed, Mar 5, 2025 at 3:43 PM 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <
> [email protected]> wrote:
>
> Sir,
>
> Thank you for the reading of the posting and additions, However capital of
> India at New Delhi , is at Northern point.
>
> In my view, it has to be in the center of India so that easily accessible
> to all.
>
> Gopalakrishnan
>
>
> On Wednesday 5 March, 2025 at 08:23:35 am IST, 'venkat giri' via iyer123 <
> [email protected]> wrote:
>
>
> *Respected Sir/S,*
>
> *SUBJECT**:* *CULTURAL QA 03-2025-**01*
>
> *Q1: Historically, why has Delhi been the capital city of so many major
> empires?*
>
> *A1:* *ANANGAPALA** the king of the **Tomara Dynasty* *first *
> *established* *DELHI** as his **capital* *in the year1052**.* *northern
> India**. **Anangapala**'s name is inscribed in the Iron Pillar of Delhi.*
>
> *Delhi was also the capital of the Delhi Sultanate in 1214 and the Mughal
> Empire in 1526. *
>
> *Lord Hardinge-II** (**1910-1916): Lord Hardinge held Delhi Durbar for
> the coronation of King George V in 1911 and announced the shift of the
> capital. He shifted the capital from Calcutta to Delhi in the year 1911.*
>
> *Delhi has historically been a capital city because of its central
> location within the Indian subcontinent, making it **easily accessible to
> various regions**, and its long association as a political and financial
> centre **under numerous empires throughout history, most notably the
> Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire**; **this made it a strategically
> important location for governing vast territories. *
>
> *Situated on the banks of the Yamuna River, Delhi provided easy access to
> different parts of the Indian subcontinent, facilitating trade and
> administration. *
>
> *Delhi served as the capital of various dynasties and with emperors like
> **Shah
> Jahan* *prominently establishing their court there. *
>
> *Due to its rich history and association with legendary stories like the
> Mahabharata, Delhi held significant symbolic value for many Indian
> communities. *
>
> * The British wanted a **place where the
> Government could spend all the seasons of the year.** After examining
> various sites, Delhi was finalised as it was **easily accessible **and
> closer to the summer capital, Simla.* *The association of Delhi with the
> Mahabharata and the Mughal Empire **symbolized* *both **HNDU** and *
> *MUSLIM** PRIDE.*
>
> *Q2: Why is Lord Vishnu called Narayana?*
>
> *A2: **NARAYANA**… in Sanskrit: **नारायण* *is one of the forms and
> epithets of **VISHNU**. In this form, the deity is depicted in **yogic
> slumber** under the celestial waters, symbolising the masculine principle
> and associated with his role of creation. The Hindu god Vishnu is called
> Narayana* *नारायण** because of his connection to **water, and because he
> is the primeval cosmic man. Narayana is often depicted as a blue-skinned,
> four-armed deity surrounded by the ocean. Legends connect him to the sea,
> and water is said to have been born from his feet. *
>
> *"NARA"** means "**man"** and refers to the original, archetypal man. *
> *"AYANA"* *means **"motion upon it**", **the cycling movement of
> becoming. *
>
> * Narayana refers to the primeval
> cosmic man and to motion in substance. *
>
> *Narayana is one of many names for Vishnu, the Hindu god who protects both
> men and the order of the universe. *
>
> *Narayana is a supreme deity in the Vaishnavism sect of Hinduism. *
>
> *Narayana is first depicted in ancient Sanskrit texts. *
>
> *Narayana is **a masculine name **in Sanskrit and Indian origin. *
>
> * The Sanskrit word 'Narayana' can be traced back to the Laws
> of Manu (also known as the Manusmriti, a Dharmaśāstra text which states:*
>
>
>
> *The waters are called **narah,** (for) the waters are, indeed, the
> offspring of Nara; as they were his first residence **(ayana),* *he
> thence is named **NARAYANA.*
>
>
>
> *Q3: My urine is foamy. My creatinine is 1.48. What could be the problem?*
>
> *A3: A foamy urine sample with a creatinine level of 1.48 suggests a
> potential issue with the kidney function, as a creatinine level above 1.4
> is generally considered high and could indicate kidney impairment; however,
> it's crucial to consult a doctor to interpret the results. High creatinine:*
>
> * A creatinine level above **1.4 mg/dL (milligrams per decilitre**) is
> **often
> considered high, particularly for men, and can indicate kidney dysfunction.
> *
>
> *Foamy urine:*
>
> * While occasional foamy urine can be
> normal due to factors like forceful urination, persistent foamy urine can
> be a sign of proteinuria (excess protein in the urine), which is often
> associated with kidney disease. *
>
> *Possible causes of high creatinine:*
>
> *Kidney disease *
>
> *Dehydration *
>
> *Muscle damage *
>
> *Certain medications *
>
> *High protein diet *
>
> *Q5: What are your favourite jokes about Heaven and St. Peter?*
>
> *A5: **One **day, a high ranking politician is tragically hit by a truck
> and dies. His soul arrives in heaven and is met by St. Peter at the
> entrance. **"Welcome to Heaven,"* *says St. Peter. "Before you settle in,
> it seems there is a problem. We seldom see a high official around these
> parts, you see, so we're not sure what to do with you." "No problem, just
> let me in," says the politician . "Well, I'd like to but I have orders from
> higher up. What we'll do is have you spend one day in Hell and one day in
> Heaven. Then you can choose where to spend eternity." "Really, I've made up
> my mind. I want to be in Heaven," says the politician. "I'm sorry but we
> have our rules." And with that, St. Peter escorts the politician to the
> elevator and he goes down, down, down to Hell. The doors open and he finds
> himself in the middle of a green golf course. In the distance is a club and
> standing in front of it are all his friends and other politicians who had
> worked with him, everyone is very happy and in evening dress. They run to
> greet him, hug him, and reminisce about the good times they had while
> getting rich at the expense of the people. They play a friendly game of
> golf and then dine on lobster and caviar. Also present is the Devil, who
> really is a very friendly guy and has a good time dancing and telling
> jokes. They are having such a good time that, before he realizes it, it is
> time to go. Everyone gives him a big hug and waves while the elevator
> rises. The elevator goes up, up, up and the door reopens on Heaven where
> St. Peter is waiting for him. "Now it's time to visit Heaven." So 24 hours
> pass with the politician head of state joining a group of contented souls
> moving from cloud to cloud, playing the harp and singing. They have a good
> time and, before he realizes it, the 24 hours have gone by and St. Peter
> returns. "Well then, you've spent a day in Hell and another in Heaven. Now
> choose your eternity." He reflects for a minute, then the head of state
> answers: "Well, I would never have thought it, I mean Heaven has been
> delightful, but I think I would be better off in Hell." So Saint Peter
> escorts him to the elevator and he goes down, down, down to Hell. Now the
> doors of the elevator open and he is in the middle of a barren land covered
> with waste and garbage. He sees all his friends, dressed in rags, picking
> up the trash and putting it in black bags. The Devil comes over to the
> politician and lays an arm on his neck. "I don't understand," stammers the
> politician. "Yesterday I was here and there was a golf course and club and
> we ate lobster and caviar and danced and had a great time. Now all there is
> a wasteland full of garbage and my friends look miserable." The Devil looks
> at him, smiles and says, "Of course! Yesterday we were campaigning. Today
> you voted for us*
>
> *Regards*
>
> *V.Sridharan*
>
> *Trichy*
>
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