Example Calendar system: Persian Calendar

Like the Gregorian  <https://www.projectpluto.com/calendar.htm#gregorian>
and Julian  <https://www.projectpluto.com/calendar.htm#julian>calendars, 
the Persian calendar is strictly solar in nature; that is, it matches the 
seasons very nicely (better, in fact, than any other calendar on these 
pages), but makes no real effort to reflect lunar cycles. There are twelve 
months per year, as follows.

farvardin (frvrdyn)     31 days
ordibehesht (ardybhSt)  31 days
khordad (Krdad)         31 days
tir (tyr)               31 days
mordad (mrdad)          31 days
shahrivar (Shryvr)      31 days
mehr (mhr)              30 days
Aban (Aban)             30 days
Azar (AZr)              30 days
day (dy)                30 days
bahman (bhmn)           30 days
esfand (asfnd)         29/30 days

The year begins at the spring equinox. If that instant is before midday, 
Teheran time, then that day is 1 farvardin; otherwise, the next day is 1 
farvardin. This can result in either 365 or 366 days per year. In the 
former (usual) case, the last month of esfand has 29 days; otherwise, it 
has 30 days.

The Jalali calendar uses the "exact" astronomical equinox; that is to say, 
it's based on observations. The Modern Persian calendar instead inserts 
leap years algorithmically, with a complex pattern of 683 leap days 
inserted over a cycle of 2820 years. This actually makes the Modern Persian 
calendar extremely easy to program (see the source code described here.)  
<https://www.projectpluto.com/source.htm#date_cpp>The Jalali calendar is a 
little trickier, as will be discussed below.

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