Hi Joe.

You have much, and good, documentation at tiddlywiki.com
(I'm curious, for constructive purposes: How come you have not seen this?)

Some specific questions of yours:

I guess that 
>
> \define journalButton()
> ...
> \end
>
> defines a macro -- and that <<journalButton>> evaluates the macro
>

Correct. And something like <<foo bar "baz frotz">> would be a macro *foo* 
with the two parameter values *bar *and *baz frotz*

You must not insert space right after the "<<".
 

>
> I suppose that
>
> <$button tooltip={{$:/language/Buttons/NewJournal/Hint}}
> ...
>
> transcludes the value of the the hint when the
> when the macro is evaluated (or is it when the macro is defined)
>

Well, more correctly it should be 

<$button tooltip={{$:/language/Buttons/NewJournal/Hint}} *>*
...
</$button>


Yes, the parameter named tooltip does in this case take a transcluded value 
as argument, i.e whatever is inside that hint tiddler.

<$xxx>...</$xxx> are *widget *calls whereas <<yyy ...>> are *macro *calls. 
Widgets are more fundamental, comparable to html markup and are defined 
with javascript. Macros are higher level and typically defined in wikitext 
using the /define pragma.

I'm also not sure about what $set does - seems to manipulate some variables.
>

https://tiddlywiki.com/#SetWidget


I'm unsure as the lifetime of this journalButton object - I think
> (don't know) that this tiddler is dynamically evaluated
> when activated - but do the definitions outlive the activation?
>

Yes definitions, i.e macros, 'live on' locally. But/and if you tag the 
tiddler with "$:/tags/Macro" you make the macros global.


Are their any good write ups of the syntax and semantics of the
> tiddler language? - and some annotated examples - line by line
> detailed explanations. There seem to be hundreds of documents
> describing simple translusion -- the {{Insert Me}} and
> [[Insert Me]] kind of stuff - I get that - but the next step is confusing 
> me.
>

Again, tiddlywiki.com is the best source for docs. But when you say 
"hundreds of docs" maybe you've already seen this? Again, if you haven't it 
would be valuable to know why.
Tobias has a great site that may be of 
use: http://tobibeer.github.io/tb5/#Welcome
There are also other individual initiatives but none that I can refer to 
off the cuff.

I get the impression that you're knowledgable enough to read wikitext code 
though. If you have specific snippets you need explanations for, i.e where 
you cannot simply use tiddlywiki.com to look up e.g <$set> (i.e the 
SetWidget) then you're more than welcome to post it on the boards. At this 
basic level I'd probably recommend posting on the main board 
<https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/tiddlywiki> where you have more 
readers.

All best and warmly welcome to TW!!!

<:-)

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