Hi Tom:
I've been reading some of these articles and notice that NBS started
work with Cesium standards around 1948, yet it was the Essen standard at
NPL in the UK that seems to be the important one. I take it that this
means that Essen's standard worked much better, but how was his
different from the NBS standard?
On a time line where does the FTS4060 standard fit relative to the HP
offerings? Was it the first microcontroller based Cesium standard?
Have Fun,
Brooke Clarke, N6GCE
PS I had the top lid off my 5060A for a photo opportunity and must say
it's really a work of art.
Tom Van Baak wrote:
2005 is the 100th anniversary of Einstein's first set
of famous papers, including the one on relativity.
This has received a fair amount of press this year.
Less well known is that 2005 is also considered
the 50th anniversary of the atomic clock. Here is
a collection of papers and links if you're short of
summer reading material:
50th Anniversary of the First Accurate Cesium Atomic Clock
(Symmetricom PR)
http://www.imakenews.com/eletra/mod_print_view.cfm?this_id=432361&u=symmttm
Louis Essen - Famous for a Second
by his son, Ray Essen
http://www.btinternet.com/~time.lord/
History of Atomic Frequency Standards-
A Trip Through 20th Century Physics
by Arthur O. McCoubrey
http://www.ieee-uffc.org/fcmain.asp?page=mccoubrey
http://www.leapsecond.com/history/
Time Scales (the original 1968 Metrologia article where
Louis Essen documents the difficulties coordinating
astronomical time and atomic time)
Einstein Year 2005 - Celebrating Time
http://www.npl.co.uk/einstein_year/
Science Museum | Atomic clocks | Louis Essen
http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/atomclocks/page1.asp
Frequency of Cesium in Terms of Ephemeris Time
by W. Markowitz and R. Glenn Hall, USNO
by L. Essen and J. V. L. Parry, NPL
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v1/i3/p105_1
Fifty years of atomic clocks
http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/18/5/2/1
Metromnia Issue 18 - Spring 2005 - Einstein
http://www.npl.co.uk/publications/metromnia/issue18/
The History of Frequency Control and Modern Time Keeping
compiled by John Vig
http://www.ieee-uffc.org/fcmain.asp?view=history
SPECIAL ISSUE: FIFTY YEARS OF ATOMIC TIME-KEEPING: 1955 TO 2005
Metrologia, Volume 42, Number 3, June 2005
http://www.iop.org/EJ/news/-topic=945/
http://www.iop.org/EJ/toc/0026-1394/42/3
includes:
- History of early atomic clocks, Norman Ramsey
- Essen and the National Physical Laboratory's atomic clock
- Atomic time-keeping from 1955 to the present
- Fifty years of atomic time-keeping at VNIIFTRI
- Fifty years of commercial caesium clocks, Leonard Cutler
- and more
(some of the above links may require IEEE/UFFC or IOP registration)
/tvb
http://www.LeapSecond.com
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