As promised, here's one pertinent paper, about using cryogenic
sapphire oscillators at mm-wavelengths ( 1 mm = 300 GHz ).
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1106.0021.pdf
It's not the one I was looking for but it's a useful entry point.
One interesting number is that at one mm, the coherence time is
limited to at most tens of seconds because of atmospheric turbulence.
Table 3 is worth a look too.

Cheers
Michael

On Fri, Jun 7, 2019 at 7:17 AM Michael Wouters
<[email protected]> wrote:
>
> My radio astronomer colleagues tell me that there is about a 20 minute limit 
> to VLBI observing runs because of atmospheric instability so this limits 
> improvements to be had from better clocks. My recollection is that a maser is 
> still sufficient out to 100 GHz. There is a paper about this that I will dig 
> out later.
>
> Cheers
> Michael
>
> On Thu, 6 Jun 2019 at 12:01 pm, Joseph B. Fitzgerald 
> <[email protected]> wrote:
>>
>>
>> Regarding Dana's remarks on VLBI, consider the recent black hole image 
>> released by the Event Horizon Telescope.    Measurements were taken at 230 
>> GHz, and they would like to begin measurements at 345 GHz.    Hydrogen 
>> masers were used at each telescope.    I am no expert, but I strongly 
>> suspect that a better clock would result in longer/better observations.    
>> The H maser only runs at 1.42 GHz ... the astrophysicist wizards are 
>> proposing to do their measurements at about 250 times higher in frequency!
>>
>>
>> -Joe
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