In this literature an important distinction is made between candid and contrived smiles. Duchenne noted in 1862 that smiles that truly indicated joy included both the mouth muscles and the muscle that circles the eye. Later research showed that indeed smiles with Duchenne's marker (crowfeet wrinkles at the edge of the eye) show the strongest link to actually experienced affect. The "false smile" is now renamed the non-Duchenne smile.

Of course facial characteristics and other non-verbal behavior are heavily influenced by context. For one excellent review on smiling and the context of power and gender see:

LaFrance, M., & Hecht, M. A. (1999). Option or obligation to smile: The effects of power and gender on facial _expression_. In P. Philippot, R. S. Feldman and E. J. Coats. The social context of nonverbal behavior. Cambridge University Press.

Marie


Cheri Budzynski wrote:
Smiling

This is one of the studies presented in The Human Face video previously discussed.
From the abstract: "Finally, positive emotional _expression_ predicted favorable outcomes in marriage and personal well-being up to 30 years later. Controlling for physical attractiveness and social desirability had little impact on these findings."

Author
Harker, LeeAnne, Keltner, Dacher Author Affiliation U California, Inst of Personality & Social Research, The Mills Project, Berkeley, CA, US. Title
Expressions of positive emotion in women's college yearbook pictures and their relationship to personality and life outcomes across adulthood. Appears In
Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. Vol 80(1), Jan 2001, 112-124.


**********************
Cheri A. Budzynski, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Psychology
Heidelberg College
310. E. Market Street
Tiffin, Ohio 44883
(419) 448-2000  ext. 2251
(419) 893-1986 ext. 4005

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Marie Helweg-Larsen, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Psychology
Dickinson College
Carlisle, PA 17013
Office: (717) 245-1562, Fax: (717)) 245-1971
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