Hi Carol, The research described in the abstracts below attempt to find/define activation correlates of phantom movement, pain, and telescoping perception. Hope this helps some. Sandra In a message dated 1/26/2007 12:52:37 P.M. Eastern Standard Time, [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes:
Dear TIPSters, This morning a student asked me a question about phantom limbs that I am unsure of. The question was if, when a phantom "feels" pain, the corresponding area of the cortex lights up? Say for example, the phantom is an upper extremity--the right arm--and it experiences a sharp pain--maybe in the right digits. Would the corresponding area on the somatosensory cortex show activity? Is anyone aware of research on this question? I'm aware of the research on remapping of the cortex, but not on what happens in this case. Thanks, Carol Carol DeVolder, Ph.D. Professor of Psychology Chair, Department of Psychology St. Ambrose University Davenport, Iowa 52803 phone: 563-333-6482 e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]) _Scand J Psychol._ (javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Scand J Psychol.');) 2001 Jul;42(3):269-75. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/fref.fcgi?itool=AbstractPlus-def&PrId=3046&uid=11501740&db=pubmed&url=http://www.blackwell-sy nergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0036-5564&date=2001&volume =42&issue=3&spage=269) _Links_ (javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu11501740);) Common pathways in mental imagery and pain perception: an fMRI study of a subject with an amputated arm. * _Hugdahl K_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Hugdahl+K"[Author]) , * _Rosen G_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Rosen+G"[Author]) , * _Ersland L_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Ersland+L"[Author]) , * _Lundervold A_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Lundervold+A"[Author]) , * _Smievoll AI_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Smievoll+AI"[Author]) , * _Barndon R_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Barndon+R"[Author]) , * _Thomsen T_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Thomsen+T"[Author]) . Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway. [EMAIL PROTECTED] The present paper reviews data from two previous studies in our laboratory, as well as some additional new data, on the neuronal representation of movement and pain imagery in a subject with an amputated right arm. The subject imagined painful and non-painful finger movements in the amputated stump while being in a MRI scanner, acquiring EPI-images for fMRI analysis. In Study I (Ersland et al., 1996) the Subject alternated tapping with his intact left hand fingers and imagining "tapping" with the fingers of his amputated right arm. The results showed increased neuronal activation in the right motor cortex (precentral gyrus) when tapping with the fingers of the left hand, and a corresponding activation in the left motor cortex when imagining tapping with the fingers of the amputated right arm. Finger tappings of the intact left hand fingers also resulted in a larger activated precentral area than imagery "finger tapping" of the amputated right arm fingers. In Study II (Rosen et al., 2001 in press) the same subject imagining painful and pleasurable finger movements, and still positions of the fingers of the amputated arm. The results showed larger activations over the motor cortex for movement imagining versus imagining the hand being in a still position, and larger activations over the sensory cortex when imagining painful experiences. It can therefore be concluded that not only does imagery activate the same motor areas as real finger movements, but also that adding instructions of pain together with imaging moving the fingers intensified the activation compared with adding instructions about non-painful experiences. From these studies, it is clear that areas activated during actual motor execution to a large extent also are activated during mental imagery of the same motor commands. In this respect the present studies add to studies of visual imagery that have shown a similar correspondence in activation between actual object perception and imagery of the same object. PMID: 11501740 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] _Brain._ (javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Brain.');) 2006 Aug;129(Pt 8):2202-10. Epub 2006 Jul 14. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/fref.fcgi?itool=AbstractPlus-def&PrId=3051&uid=16844715&db=pubmed&url=http://brain.oxfordj ournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16844715) _Links_ (javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu16844715);) Mapping phantom movement representations in the motor cortex of amputees. * _Mercier C_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Mercier+C"[Author]) , * _Reilly KT_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Reilly+KT"[Author]) , * _Vargas CD_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Vargas+CD"[Author]) , * _Aballea A_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Aballea+A"[Author]) , * _Sirigu A_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Sirigu+A"[Author]) . Institut des Sciences Cognitives, CNRS, Bron, France. Limb amputation results in plasticity of connections between the brain and muscles, with the cortical motor representation of the missing limb seemingly shrinking, to the presumed benefit of remaining body parts that have cortical representations adjacent to the now-missing limb. Surprisingly, the corresponding perceptual representation does not suffer a similar fate but instead persists as a phantom limb endowed with sensory and motor qualities. How can cortical reorganization after amputation be reconciled with the maintenance of a motor representation of the phantom limb in the brain? In an attempt to answer this question we explored the relationship between the cortical representation of the remaining arm muscles and that of phantom movements. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) we systematically mapped phantom movement perceptions while simultaneously recording stump muscle activity in three above-elbow amputees. TMS elicited sensations of movement in the phantom hand when applied over the presumed hand area of the motor cortex. In one subject the amplitude of the perceived movement was positively correlated with the intensity of stimulation. Interestingly, phantom limb movements that the patient could not produce voluntarily were easily triggered by TMS, suggesting that the inability to voluntarily move the phantom is not equivalent to a loss of the corresponding movement representation. We suggest that hand movement representations survive in the reorganized motor area of amputees even when these cannot be directly accessed. The activation of these representations is probably necessary for the experience of phantom movement. PMID: 16844715 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] _Eur J Pain._ (javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Eur J Pain.');) 2000;4(3):239-45. _Links_ (javascript:PopUpMenu2_Set(Menu10985867);) Brain somatic representation of phantom and intact limb: a fMRI study case report. * _Condes-Lara M_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Condes-Lara+M"[Author]) , * _Barrios FA_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Barrios+FA"[Author]) , * _Romo JR_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Romo+JR"[Author]) , * _Rojas R_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Rojas+R"[Author]) , * _Salgado P_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Salgado+P"[Author]) , * _Sanchez-Cortazar J_ (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term="Sanchez-Cortazar+J"[Author ]) . Departamento de Neurofisiologia, Centro de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Juriquilla, Queretaro. [EMAIL PROTECTED] Reports on phantom limb patients concerning neuronal reorganization using non-invasive methods have focused mainly on the cortical regions and suggest the presence of pain as the cause of this reorganization. The phantom limb, however, includes other somatic and motor sensations other than pain. Here we describe the results of non-painful stimulation in cortical and subcortical lateralization and reorganization and also examine the involvement of subcortical structures in phantom limb telescoping perception. We describe an enlarged contralateral cortical representation of the stump, a cortical and thalamic bilateral representation of the remaining leg, and a neuronal correlate of a telescoping perception of the phantom limb. The missing leg produces an enlarged cortical representation due to abnormal information and the remaining leg has a bilateral SII representation, which could be related to new, compensatory functions. The telescoping perception of a phantom limb by the stimulation of misallocation points was correlated with lenticular nuclei, thalamic and cingulate gyrus activation.We therefore propose that the reorganization concept of a phantom limb, applied mainly to the cortex, must extend to the thalamic and the somatosensory and motor systems (pathways and relay nuclei). Copyright 2000 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain. PMID: 10985867 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'J Neurosci.');) ****************************************************** Sandra M. Nagel, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Psychology Saginaw Valley State University 166 Brown Hall 7400 Bay Road University Center, MI 48710 http://www.svsu.edu/~smnagel/research/ Office: (989) 964-4635 Fax: (989) 790-7656 E-Mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] *************************************************** --- To make changes to your subscription go to: http://acsun.frostburg.edu/cgi-bin/lyris.pl?enter=tips&text_mode=0&lang=english
