Deat Tipsters,

A number of people, particularly Karl and John have pointed out that 
s is not an unbiased estimator of sigma. My post claiming such was 
hasty - I was thinking of variances, where sSqu is an unbiased 
estimator of sigmasqu if n-1 is used. The expectation algebra shows 
this.  However, Karl's fine example shows how this conclusion does 
not follow for s - although using n-1 still gives a better estimate 
than using n.

Karl was excused stats. classes for the rest of the term with good 
reason!

Stuart




___________________________________________________
Stuart J. McKelvie, Ph.D.,                Phone: (819)822-9600
Department of Psychology,                 Extension 2402
Bishop's University,                      Fax: (819)822-9661
3 Route 108 East,
Lennoxville,                              e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Quebec J1M 1Z7,
Canada.

Bishop's University Psychology Department Web Page:
http://www.ubishops.ca/ccc/div/soc/psy
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