John,

I agree with you. My point was that even in the theoretical “addition” context 
— which is not really meaningful — it is still (practically) never as simple as 
“1000 + 1 > 1000”.


TNX
--
V/R,
Uri
There are two ways to design a system. One is to make it so simple there are 
obviously no deficiencies.
The other is to make it so complex there are no obvious deficiencies.
C. A. R. Hoare


From: John Mattsson <[email protected]>
Date: Tuesday, May 26, 2026 at 11:58
To: Blumenthal, Uri - 0553 - MITLL <[email protected]>; Brian E Carpenter 
<[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>
Subject: Re: [TLS] Re: [EXT] Re: [Last-Call] <draft-ietf-tls-mldsa-03.txt> (Use 
of ML-DSA in TLS 1.3) to Informational RFC



This Message Is From an External Sender
This message came from outside the Laboratory.



The bigger problem with both double encryption and PQ/T hybrids is that they 
cannot meaningfully be compared to addition (+). In fact, it is misleading to 
speak about “adding” security at all, since the resulting “sum” may actually be 
weaker than the individual “addends”. Examples of double-encryption 
constructions that do not behave as one might intuitively expect include 
two-key double DES (2DES), double encryption with RSA using different keys, and 
double encryption with the same one-time pad. These examples illustrate that 
cryptographic composition can behave in highly non-intuitive ways, and that 
security properties generally do not compose additively.
Cheers,
John Preuß Mattsson
From: Blumenthal, Uri - 0553 - MITLL <[email protected]>
Date: Tuesday, 26 May 2026 at 17:23
To: Brian E Carpenter <[email protected]>; [email protected] <[email protected]>
Subject: [TLS] Re: [EXT] Re: [Last-Call] <draft-ietf-tls-mldsa-03.txt> (Use of 
ML-DSA in TLS 1.3) to Informational RFC




>> That depends on relative difficulty of breaking algorithms. If quantum
>> attack against first algorithm is much cheaper than attacking the second
>> algorithm, then the second algorithm is the bottleneck and adding the
>> first to composite does not improve security.
>
> Last time I checked, 1000+1 > 1000, which is all I was asserting. If I’d
> asserted "breaking two algorithms is always *significantly* harder than 
> breaking one algorithm", I would have been wrong.

You keep ignoring or forgetting that the above “+1” is not free, so one has to 
evaluate the cost/trouble of adding that “1” against the benefits it’s going to 
add. 


For example, nobody argues that if we super-encrypt AES ciphertext with , e.g., 
ARIA — we’ll increase the overall security. But, for reasons quite obvious, 
nobody seems willing to add that “+1” to the “1000” that AES already provided.


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