[Impact] 
An apt update of an apt repository that does not use InRelease during the time 
it is being updated can cause the gpg file to not be downloaded and updated.  
This makes the packages from the repository be unable to be authenticated.

The Ubuntu Cloud Archive is one of the archives that meets this
criteria.

The impact to downstream automation deployment code is that if they are
adding the UCA repo to a system and calling apt update during the time
the UCA is being updated by Canonical, the repo can get into a state
where the Release.gpg file is not there and all package installs will
fail due to "unauthenticated packages" error.


[Test Case]
A detailed python script was attached.

To reproduce this outside that script you would want to:
1. Add the UCA repo
2. Do the following in a loop starting at 43 minutes after the hour and run it 
until 55 minutes after the hour:
2.1 Remove these files to simulate the UCA repo being added the first time.
/var/lib/apt/lists/ubuntu-cloud.archive.canonical.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial-updates_newton_Release
/var/lib/apt/lists/ubuntu-cloud.archive.canonical.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial-updates_newton_Release.gpg
/var/lib/apt/lists/ubuntu-cloud.archive.canonical.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial-updates_newton_main_binary*Packages

2.2 apt-get update
3. Check the state of the 3 files you deleted.  If you have the _Release file 
but not the _Release.gpg you have recreated the issue.
4. If you have not recreated the issue, continue GOTO 2 and continue to loop.

[Regression Potential] 
Unknown

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1657440

Title:
  apt won't redownload Release.gpg after inconsistent cache updates made
  while UCA is being updated

Status in APT:
  Fix Released
Status in apt package in Ubuntu:
  Fix Released
Status in apt source package in Xenial:
  Triaged
Status in apt source package in Yakkety:
  Triaged

Bug description:
  # apt --version
  apt 1.2.18 (amd64)

  xenial

  
  I got myself into a situation where a repository has a Release and a 
Release.gpg file, but apt is just ignoring the gpg one and won't download it 
via apt update for some reason:

  The repository in question is http://ubuntu-
  cloud.archive.canonical.com/ubuntu/dists/xenial-updates/newton/. See
  how locally I have just the Release file:

  root@juju-cb14ed-0-lxd-3:/var/lib/apt/lists# l *Release*
  -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 100K Jan 15 18:03 
archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial-backports_InRelease
  -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 242K Apr 21  2016 
archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial_InRelease
  -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 100K Jan 18 11:42 
archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial-updates_InRelease
  -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 100K Jan 18 11:42 
security.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial-security_InRelease
  -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7.7K Jan 18 11:45 
ubuntu-cloud.archive.canonical.com_ubuntu_dists_xenial-updates_newton_Release

  
  Now I try an update. See how the Release.gpg file gets a "Hit:" instead of a 
"Get:":
  root@juju-cb14ed-0-lxd-3:/var/lib/apt/lists# apt update
  Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security InRelease [102 kB]
  Hit:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease                       
 
  Ign:3 http://ubuntu-cloud.archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/newton 
InRelease
  Get:4 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates InRelease [102 kB]
  Hit:5 http://ubuntu-cloud.archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/newton 
Release
  Get:6 http://ubuntu-cloud.archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/newton 
Release.gpg [543 B]
  Hit:7 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports InRelease
  Fetched 205 kB in 0s (395 kB/s)                   
  Reading package lists... Done
  Building dependency tree       
  Reading state information... Done
  8 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them.

  
  And I can't install packages:
  root@juju-cb14ed-0-lxd-3:/var/lib/apt/lists# apt dist-upgrade
  Reading package lists... Done
  Building dependency tree       
  Reading state information... Done
  Calculating upgrade... Done
  The following NEW packages will be installed:
    python3-setuptools
  The following packages will be upgraded:
    dh-python dnsmasq-base python-pkg-resources python-setuptools 
python3-cryptography python3-pkg-resources python3-requests python3-urllib3
  8 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
  Need to get 1,193 kB of archives.
  After this operation, 808 kB of additional disk space will be used.
  Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 
  WARNING: The following packages cannot be authenticated!
    dh-python dnsmasq-base python-setuptools python-pkg-resources 
python3-pkg-resources python3-setuptools python3-cryptography python3-requests 
python3-urllib3
  Install these packages without verification? [y/N] n
  E: Some packages could not be authenticated
  root@juju-cb14ed-0-lxd-3:/var/lib/apt/lists# 

  Somehow apt is thinking it has the Release.gpg file, but it doesn't?

  
  This server is behind a squid proxy.

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