--- /dev/null	2014-09-15 23:03:33.059745840 +0530
+++ b/toys/pending/ip.c	2014-09-17 00:23:16.101868474 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,2799 @@
+/* ip.c - Show / manipulate routing, devices, policy routing and tunnels.
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014 Sameer Prakash Pradhan <sameer.p.pradhan@gmail.com>
+ * Copyright 2014 Ranjan Kumar <ranjankumar.bth@gmail.com>
+ * Copyright 2014 Rajni Kant <rajnikant12345@gmail.com>
+ * Copyright 2014 Bilal Qureshi <bilal.jmi@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * No Standard.
+ *
+USE_IP(NEWTOY(ip, NULL, TOYFLAG_SBIN))
+USE_IP(OLDTOY(ipaddr, ip, NULL, TOYFLAG_SBIN))
+USE_IP(OLDTOY(iplink, ip, NULL, TOYFLAG_SBIN))
+USE_IP(OLDTOY(iproute, ip, NULL, TOYFLAG_SBIN))
+USE_IP(OLDTOY(iprule, ip, NULL, TOYFLAG_SBIN))
+USE_IP(OLDTOY(iptunnel, ip, NULL, TOYFLAG_SBIN))
+
+config IP
+  bool "ip"
+  default n
+  help
+    usage: ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND }
+
+    Show / manipulate routing, devices, policy routing and tunnels.
+
+    where OBJECT := {address | link | route | rule | tunnel}
+    OPTIONS := { -f[amily] { inet | inet6 | link } | -o[neline] }
+*/
+#define FOR_ip
+#include "toys.h"
+#include <linux/netlink.h>
+#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
+#include <linux/if_ether.h>
+#include <linux/if_addr.h>
+#include <net/if_arp.h>
+#include <ifaddrs.h>
+#include <fnmatch.h>
+#include <netinet/ip.h>
+#include <linux/if_tunnel.h>
+
+GLOBALS(
+  char stats, singleline, flush, *filter_dev, gbuf[8192];
+  int sockfd, connected, from_ok, route_cmd;
+  int8_t addressfamily, is_addr;
+)
+
+struct arglist {
+  char *name;
+  int idx;
+};
+
+static struct 
+{
+  int ifindex, scope, scopemask, up, to;
+  char *label, *addr;
+} addrinfo;
+
+struct linkdata  {
+  struct linkdata *next, *prev;
+  int flags, iface_idx, mtu, txqueuelen, parent,iface_type;
+  char qdiscpline[IFNAMSIZ+1], state[IFNAMSIZ+1], type[IFNAMSIZ+1],
+       iface[IFNAMSIZ+1], laddr[64], bcast[64];
+  struct  rtnl_link_stats rt_stat;
+}*linfo;
+
+typedef int (*cmdobj)(char **argv);
+
+#define MESG_LEN 8192
+
+// For "/etc/iproute2/RPDB_tables"
+enum {
+  RPDB_rtdsfield = 1,
+  RPDB_rtprotos = 2,
+  RPDB_rtrealms = 3,
+  RPDB_rtscopes = 4,
+  RPDB_rttables = 5
+};
+
+#define RPDB_ENTRIES 256
+static int8_t rttable_init;
+static int8_t rtprotos_init;
+static int8_t rtdsfield_init;
+static int8_t rtscope_init;
+static int8_t rtrealms_init;
+
+static struct arglist *rt_dsfield[RPDB_ENTRIES];
+static struct arglist *rt_protos[RPDB_ENTRIES];
+static struct arglist *rt_tables[RPDB_ENTRIES];
+static struct arglist *rt_realms[RPDB_ENTRIES];
+static struct arglist *rt_scope[RPDB_ENTRIES];
+
+static struct arglist rtmtypes[] = { {"none", RTN_UNSPEC},
+  {"unicast", RTN_UNICAST}, {"local", RTN_LOCAL},
+  {"broadcast", RTN_BROADCAST}, {"anycast", RTN_ANYCAST},
+  {"multicast", RTN_MULTICAST}, {"blackhole", RTN_BLACKHOLE},
+  {"unreachable", RTN_UNREACHABLE}, {"prohibit", RTN_PROHIBIT},
+  {"throw", RTN_THROW}, {"nat", RTN_NAT},
+  {"xresolve", RTN_XRESOLVE}, {NULL, -1}
+};
+
+static int filter_nlmesg(int (*fun)(struct nlmsghdr *mhdr, char **), char **);
+static int  ipaddr_print(struct linkdata *, int flg);
+
+
+// ===========================================================================
+// Common Code for IP Options (like: addr, link, route etc.)
+// ===========================================================================
+static int substring_to_idx(char *str, struct arglist *list)
+{
+  struct arglist *alist;
+  int len;
+
+  if (!str) return -1;
+  len = strlen(str);
+
+  for (alist = list; alist->name; alist++)
+    if (!memcmp(str, alist->name, len)) return alist->idx;
+  return -1;
+}
+
+static int string_to_idx(char *str, struct arglist *list)
+{
+  struct arglist *alist;
+
+  if (!str) return -1;
+  for (alist = list; alist->name; alist++)
+    if (!strcmp(str, alist->name)) return alist->idx;
+  return -1;
+}
+
+static char *idx_to_string(int idx, struct arglist *list)
+{
+  struct arglist *alist;
+
+  if (idx < 0) return NULL;
+  for (alist = list; alist->name; alist++)
+    if (idx == alist->idx) return alist->name;
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+static void iphelp(void)
+{
+  toys.exithelp = 1;
+  error_exit(NULL);
+}
+
+static void send_nlmesg(int type, int flags, int family,
+    void *buf, int blen)
+{
+  struct {
+    struct nlmsghdr nlh;
+    struct rtgenmsg g;
+  } req;
+
+  if (!buf) {
+    memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req));
+    req.nlh.nlmsg_len = sizeof(req);
+    req.nlh.nlmsg_type = type;
+    req.nlh.nlmsg_flags = flags;
+    req.g.rtgen_family = family;
+    buf = &req;
+    blen = sizeof(req);
+  }
+  if (send(TT.sockfd , (void*)buf, blen, 0) < 0)
+    perror_exit("Unable to send data on socket.");
+}
+
+// Parse /etc/iproute2/RPDB_tables and prepare list.
+static void parseRPDB(char *fname, struct arglist **list, int32_t size)
+{
+  char *line;
+  int fd = open(fname, O_RDONLY);
+
+  if (fd < 0) return;
+  for (; (line = get_line(fd)); free(line)) {
+    char *ptr = line;
+    int32_t idx;
+
+    while (*ptr == ' ' || *ptr == '\t') ptr++;
+    if (*ptr == 0 || *ptr == '#' || *ptr == '\n') continue;
+    if ((sscanf(ptr, "0x%x %s\n", &idx, toybuf) != 2) &&
+        (sscanf(ptr, "0x%x %s #", &idx, toybuf) != 2) &&
+        (sscanf(ptr, "%d %s\n", &idx, toybuf) != 2) &&
+        (sscanf(ptr, "%d %s #", &idx, toybuf) != 2)) {
+      error_msg("Corrupted '%s' file", fname);
+      xclose(fd);
+      free(line);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (idx >= 0 && idx < size) {
+      int index = idx & (size-1);
+      if (list[index]) free(list[index]->name);
+      else list[index] = xzalloc(sizeof(struct arglist));
+      list[index]->idx = idx;
+      list[index]->name = xstrdup(toybuf);
+    }
+  }
+  xclose(fd);
+}
+
+static void free_alist(struct arglist **list)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0;i<RPDB_ENTRIES;i++) {
+    if (list[i]) {
+      free(list[i]->name);
+      free(list[i]);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void init_arglist(struct arglist **list,int value, char* name)
+{
+  if (!list[value]) list[value] =  xzalloc(sizeof(struct arglist));
+  list[value]->idx = value;
+  list[value]->name = xstrdup(name);
+}
+
+static struct arglist **getlist(u_int8_t whichDB)
+{
+  struct arglist **alist;
+
+  switch (whichDB) {
+    case RPDB_rtdsfield:
+      alist = rt_dsfield;
+      if (!rtdsfield_init) {
+        rtdsfield_init = 1;
+        parseRPDB("/etc/iproute2/rt_dsfield", alist, ARRAY_LEN(rt_dsfield));
+      }
+      break;
+    case RPDB_rtprotos:
+      alist = rt_protos;
+      if (!rttable_init) {
+        rtprotos_init = 1;
+        init_arglist(rt_protos,0,"none");
+        init_arglist(rt_protos,1,"redirect");
+        init_arglist(rt_protos,2,"kernel");
+        init_arglist(rt_protos,3,"boot");
+        init_arglist(rt_protos,4,"static");
+        init_arglist(rt_protos,8,"gated");
+        init_arglist(rt_protos,9,"ra");
+        init_arglist(rt_protos,10,"mrt");
+        init_arglist(rt_protos,11,"zebra");
+        init_arglist(rt_protos,12,"bird");
+        parseRPDB("/etc/iproute2/rt_protos", alist, ARRAY_LEN(rt_protos));
+      }
+      break;
+    case RPDB_rtrealms:
+      alist = rt_realms;
+      if (!rtrealms_init) {
+        rtrealms_init = 1;
+        init_arglist(rt_realms,0,"unspec");
+        parseRPDB("/etc/iproute2/rt_realms", alist, ARRAY_LEN(rt_realms));
+      }
+      break;
+    case RPDB_rtscopes:
+      alist = rt_scope;
+      if (!rtscope_init) {
+        rtscope_init = 1;
+        init_arglist(rt_scope,0,"global");
+        init_arglist(rt_scope,200,"site");
+        init_arglist(rt_scope,253,"link");
+        init_arglist(rt_scope,254,"host");
+        init_arglist(rt_scope,255,"nowhere");
+        parseRPDB("/etc/iproute2/rt_scopes", alist, ARRAY_LEN(rt_scope));
+      }
+      break;
+    case RPDB_rttables:
+      alist = rt_tables;
+      if (!rttable_init) {
+        rttable_init = 1;
+        init_arglist(rt_tables,RT_TABLE_DEFAULT,"default");
+        init_arglist(rt_tables,RT_TABLE_MAIN,"main");
+        init_arglist(rt_tables,RT_TABLE_LOCAL,"local");
+        parseRPDB("/etc/iproute2/rt_tables", alist, ARRAY_LEN(rt_tables));
+      }
+      break;
+    default: 
+      error_exit("wrong database");
+      break; // Unreachable code.
+  }
+  return alist;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Parse RPBD tables (if not parsed already).
+ * return RPDB table name as per idx.
+ */
+static char *namefromRPDB(int idx, u_int8_t whichDB)
+{
+  struct arglist **alist;
+
+  if (idx < 0 || idx >= RPDB_ENTRIES) {
+    snprintf(toybuf, RPDB_ENTRIES, "%u", idx);
+    return toybuf;
+  }
+
+  alist = getlist(whichDB);
+
+  if (alist[idx] && alist[idx]->name) return alist[idx]->name;
+
+  if (whichDB == RPDB_rtdsfield) snprintf(toybuf, RPDB_ENTRIES, "0x%02x", idx);
+  else snprintf(toybuf, RPDB_ENTRIES, "%u", idx);
+
+  return toybuf;
+}
+
+static int idxfromRPDB(char *name, u_int8_t whichDB)
+{
+  struct arglist **alist;
+  long i = 0;
+  char *ptr = NULL;
+
+  for (alist = getlist(whichDB); i < RPDB_ENTRIES; i++) {
+    if (!alist[i] || !alist[i]->name) continue;
+    if (!strcmp(alist[i]->name, name)) return i;
+  }
+  i = strtol(name, &ptr, 0);
+  if (errno || (ptr && *ptr) || i < 0 || i > 255)
+    return -1;
+  return i;
+}
+
+static char *rtmtype_idx2str(u_int8_t idx)
+{
+  char *name = idx_to_string(idx, rtmtypes);
+
+  if (!name) snprintf(toybuf, RPDB_ENTRIES, "%u", idx);
+  else snprintf(toybuf, sizeof(toybuf), "%s", name);
+  return toybuf;
+}
+
+static int rtmtype_str2idx(char *name)
+{
+  int idx = string_to_idx(name, rtmtypes);
+
+  if (idx < 0) return atolx_range(name, 0, 255);
+  return idx;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Used to get the prefix value in binary form.
+ * For IPv4: non-standard parsing used; as 10.10 will be treated as 10.10.0.0
+ * unlike inet_aton which is 10.0.0.10
+ */
+static int get_prefix(uint32_t *addr, uint8_t *af, char *name, int family)
+{
+  if (family == AF_PACKET) error_exit("'%s' may be inet prefix", name);
+  if (!memcmp(name, "default", strlen(name))
+      || !memcmp(name, "all", strlen(name))
+      || !memcmp(name, "any", strlen(name))) {
+    *af = family;
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if (strchr(name, ':')) {
+    *af = AF_INET6;
+    if (family != AF_UNSPEC && family != AF_INET6) return 1;
+    if (inet_pton(AF_INET6, name, (void *)addr) != 1) 
+      return 1;
+  } else { // for IPv4.
+    char *ptr = name;
+    uint8_t count = 0;
+
+    *af = AF_INET;
+    if (family != AF_UNSPEC && family != AF_INET) return 1;
+    while (*ptr) {
+      int val, len = 0;
+
+      if (*ptr == '.') ptr++;
+      sscanf(ptr, "%d%n", &val, &len);
+      if (!len || len > 3 || val < 0 || val > 255 || count > 3) return 1;
+      ptr += len;
+      ((uint8_t*)addr)[count++] = val;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Used to calculate netmask, which can be in the form of
+ * either 255.255.255.0 or 24 or default or any or all strings.
+ */
+static int get_nmask_prefix(uint32_t *netmask, uint8_t af,
+    char *name, uint8_t family)
+{
+  char *ptr;
+  uint32_t naddr[4] = {0,};
+  uint64_t plen;
+  uint8_t naf = AF_UNSPEC;
+
+  *netmask = (af == AF_INET6) ? 128 : 32; // set default netmask
+  plen = strtoul(name, &ptr, 0);
+
+  if (!ptr || ptr == name || *ptr || !plen || plen > *netmask) {
+    if (get_prefix(naddr, &naf, name, family)) return -1;
+    if (naf == AF_INET) {
+      uint32_t mask = htonl(*naddr), host = ~mask;
+      if (host & (host + 1)) return -1;
+      for (plen = 0; mask; mask <<= 1) ++plen;
+      if (plen > 32) return -1;
+    }
+  }
+  *netmask = plen;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Parse prefix, which will be in form of
+ * either default or default/default or default/24 or default/255.255.255.0
+ * or 10.20.30.40 or 10.20.30.40/default or 10.20.30.40/24
+ * or 10.20.30.40/255.255.255.0
+ */
+static void parse_prefix(uint32_t *addr, uint32_t *netmask, uint8_t *len,
+    char *name, int family)
+{
+  uint8_t af = AF_UNSPEC;
+  char *slash = strchr(name, '/');
+
+  if (slash) *slash = 0;
+  if (get_prefix(addr, &af, name, family)) error_exit("Invalid prefix");
+
+  if (slash) { // grab netmask.
+    if (get_nmask_prefix(netmask, af, slash+1, family))
+      error_exit("Invalid prefix");
+    *slash ='/';
+  }
+  else if (af == AF_INET && *addr) *netmask = 32;
+  else if (af == AF_INET6 && (*addr || *(addr+3))) *netmask = 128;
+
+  if (!*addr && !slash && !af) *len = 0;
+  else *len = (af == AF_INET6) ? 16 : 4;
+}
+
+static void add_string_to_rtattr(struct nlmsghdr *n, int maxlen,
+    int type, void *data, int alen)
+{
+  int len = RTA_LENGTH(alen);
+  struct rtattr *rta;
+
+  if ((int)(NLMSG_ALIGN(n->nlmsg_len) + len) > maxlen) return;
+  rta = (struct rtattr*)(((char*)n) + NLMSG_ALIGN(n->nlmsg_len));
+  rta->rta_type = type;
+  rta->rta_len = len;
+  memcpy(RTA_DATA(rta), data, alen);
+  n->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_ALIGN(n->nlmsg_len) + len;
+}
+
+
+
+// ===========================================================================
+// Code for ip link.
+// ===========================================================================
+#ifndef NLMSG_TAIL
+#define NLMSG_TAIL(nmsg) \
+  ((struct rtattr *) (((void *) (nmsg)) + NLMSG_ALIGN((nmsg)->nlmsg_len)))
+#endif
+
+static uint32_t get_ifaceindex(char *name, int ext)
+{
+  struct if_nameindex *if_ni, *i;
+  int index = -1;
+
+  if_ni = if_nameindex();
+  if (!if_ni) perror_exit("if_nameindex");
+
+  for (i = if_ni; i->if_index && i->if_name; i++)
+    if (!strcmp(name, i->if_name)) { 
+      index = i->if_index; 
+      break;
+    }
+  if_freenameindex(if_ni);
+  if (index == -1 && ext) perror_exit("can't find device '%s'", name);
+  return index;
+}
+
+static void fill_hwaddr(char *arg, int len, unsigned char *address)
+{
+  int count = 0, val, length;
+
+  while (count < len) {
+    val = length = 0;
+    if (!arg) error_exit("bad hw-addr '%s'", "");
+    if (*arg == ':') arg++, count++;
+    sscanf(arg, "%2x%n", &val, &length);
+    if (!length || length > 2)
+      error_exit("bad hw-addr '%s'", arg);
+    arg += length;
+    count += length;
+    *address++ = val;
+  }
+}
+
+// Multimach = 1, single match = 0
+static char *get_flag_string(struct arglist *aflags, int flags, int ismulti)
+{
+  struct arglist *p = aflags;
+  char *out = NULL, *tmp = NULL;
+
+  for (; p->name; p++) {
+    int test = (ismulti ? p->idx & flags : 0) || p->idx == flags;
+    if (test) { // flags can be zero
+      tmp = out ? xmprintf("%s,%s", out, p->name) : xmprintf("%s", p->name);
+      if (out) free(out);
+      out = tmp;
+    }
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+static void vlan_parse_opt(char **argv, struct nlmsghdr *n, unsigned int size)
+{
+  struct arglist vlan_optlist[] = {{"id", 0}, {"protocol", 1}, 
+    {"reorder_hdr", 2}, {"gvrp", 3}, {NULL,-1}};
+  struct arglist vlan_protolist[] = {{"802.1q", 0}, {"802.1ad", 1}, {NULL,-1}};
+  struct arglist on_off[] = { {"on", 0}, {"off", 1}, {NULL,-1}};
+  int idx;
+  struct ifla_vlan_flags flags;
+
+  memset(&flags, 0, sizeof(flags));
+  for (; *argv; argv++) {
+    int param, proto;
+
+    if ((idx = substring_to_idx(*argv++, vlan_optlist)) == -1) iphelp();
+    switch (idx) {
+      case 0: // ARG_id
+        if (!*argv) iphelp();
+        param = atolx(*argv);
+        add_string_to_rtattr(n, size, IFLA_VLAN_ID, &param, sizeof(param));
+        break;
+      case 1: // ARG_protocol
+        if (!*argv) error_exit("Invalid vlan id.");
+        if ((idx = substring_to_idx(*argv, vlan_protolist)) == -1) iphelp();
+        if (!idx) proto = ETH_P_8021Q; // PROTO_8021Q - 0
+        else if (idx == 1) proto = 0x88A8; // ETH Protocol - 8021AD
+        // IFLA VLAN PROTOCOL - 5
+        add_string_to_rtattr(n, size, 5, &proto, sizeof(proto));
+        break;
+      case 2: // ARG_reorder_hdr
+      case 3: // ARG_gvrp
+        if ((param = substring_to_idx(*argv, on_off)) == -1) iphelp();
+
+        flags.mask |= (idx -1); // VLAN FLAG REORDER Header              
+        flags.flags &= ~(idx -1); // VLAN FLAG REORDER Header            
+        if (!param) flags.flags |= (idx -1); // VLAN FLAG REORDER Header
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (flags.mask) 
+    add_string_to_rtattr(n, size, IFLA_VLAN_FLAGS, &flags, sizeof(flags));
+}
+
+static int linkupdate(char **argv)
+{
+  struct {
+    struct nlmsghdr mhdr;
+    struct ifinfomsg info;
+    char buf[1024];
+  } request;  
+  char *name, *dev, *type, *link, *addr;
+  struct rtattr *attr = NULL;
+  int len = 0, add = (*argv[-1] == 'a') ? 1 : 0;
+
+  name = dev = type = link = addr = NULL;
+  for (; *argv; argv++) {
+    struct arglist objectlist[] = { {"type", 0}, {"name", 1}, {"link", 2}, 
+      {"address", 3}, {NULL,-1}};
+    uint8_t idx = substring_to_idx(*argv, objectlist);
+
+    if (!idx) {
+      type = *++argv;
+      break;
+    }
+    else if (idx == 1) dev = name = *++argv;
+    else if (idx == 2) link = *++argv;
+    else if (idx == 3) addr = *++argv;
+    else if (!dev) name = dev = *argv;
+  }
+
+  if (!name && !add)
+    error_exit("Not enough information: \"dev\" argument is required.\n");
+  else if (!type  && add)
+    error_exit("Not enough information: \"type\" argument is required.\n");
+
+  memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+  request.mhdr.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct ifinfomsg));
+  request.mhdr.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST|NLM_F_ACK;
+  if (add) {
+    request.mhdr.nlmsg_flags |= NLM_F_CREATE|NLM_F_EXCL;
+    request.mhdr.nlmsg_type = RTM_NEWLINK;
+  } else {
+    request.mhdr.nlmsg_type = RTM_DELLINK;
+    request.info.ifi_index = get_ifaceindex(name, 1);
+  }
+  request.info.ifi_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+  attr = NLMSG_TAIL(&request.mhdr);
+  if (type) {
+    add_string_to_rtattr(&request.mhdr, sizeof(request),
+        IFLA_LINKINFO, NULL, 0);
+    add_string_to_rtattr(&request.mhdr, sizeof(request),
+        IFLA_INFO_KIND, type, strlen(type));
+    if (!strcmp(type, "vlan")) {
+      struct rtattr *data = NLMSG_TAIL(&request.mhdr);
+      add_string_to_rtattr(&request.mhdr, sizeof(request), 
+          IFLA_INFO_DATA, NULL, 0);
+      vlan_parse_opt(++argv, &request.mhdr, sizeof(request));
+      data->rta_len = (void *)NLMSG_TAIL(&request.mhdr) - (void *)data;
+    }
+    attr->rta_len = (void *)NLMSG_TAIL(&request.mhdr) - (void *)attr;
+  }
+
+  if (link) {
+    uint32_t idx = get_ifaceindex(link, 1);
+    add_string_to_rtattr(&request.mhdr, sizeof(request), 
+        IFLA_LINK, &idx, sizeof(uint32_t));
+  }
+  if (addr) {
+    char abuf[IF_NAMESIZE] = {0,};
+
+    fill_hwaddr(addr, IF_NAMESIZE, (unsigned char *)abuf);
+    add_string_to_rtattr(&request.mhdr, sizeof(request), 
+        IFLA_ADDRESS, abuf, strlen(abuf));
+  }
+  if (!name) {
+    snprintf(toybuf, IFNAMSIZ, "%s%d", type, 0);
+    for (len = 1; ; len++) {
+      if (!get_ifaceindex(toybuf, 0)) break;
+      snprintf(toybuf, IFNAMSIZ, "%s%d", type, len);
+    }
+    name = toybuf;
+  }
+  len = strlen(name) + 1;
+  if (len < 2 || len > IFNAMSIZ) error_exit("Invalid device name.");
+  add_string_to_rtattr(&request.mhdr, sizeof(request), IFLA_IFNAME, name, len);
+
+  send_nlmesg(0, 0, 0, (void *)&request, request.mhdr.nlmsg_len);
+  return (filter_nlmesg(NULL,NULL));
+}
+
+static int link_set(char **argv)
+{
+  struct arglist cmd_objectlist[] = {{"up", 0}, {"down", 1}, {"arp", 2}, 
+    {"multicast", 3}, {"dynamic", 4}, {"name", 5}, {"txqueuelen", 6}, 
+    {"mtu", 7},{"address", 8}, {"broadcast", 9}, {NULL,-1}};
+  int case_flags[] = {IFF_NOARP,IFF_MULTICAST,IFF_DYNAMIC};
+  struct ifreq req;
+  int idx, flags = 0, masks = 0xffff, fd;
+
+  memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req));
+  if (!*argv) error_exit("\"dev\" missing");
+  strncpy(req.ifr_name, *argv, IF_NAMESIZE);
+  fd = xsocket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+  xioctl(fd, SIOCGIFINDEX, &req);
+  for (++argv; *argv;) {
+    if ((idx = substring_to_idx(*argv++, cmd_objectlist)) == -1) iphelp();
+    switch(idx) {
+      case 0:
+        flags |= IFF_UP; break;
+      case 1:
+        masks &= ~IFF_UP; break;
+      case 2:
+      case 3:
+      case 4:
+        if (!*argv) iphelp();
+        else if (!strcmp(*argv, "on")) {
+          if (idx == 2) {
+            masks &= ~case_flags[idx-2];
+            flags &= ~case_flags[idx-2];
+          } else flags |= case_flags[idx-2];
+        } else if (!strcmp(*argv,"off")) {
+          if (idx == 2) {
+            masks |= case_flags[idx-2];
+            flags |= case_flags[idx-2];
+          } else masks &= ~case_flags[idx-2];
+        } else iphelp();
+        ++argv;
+        break;
+      case 5:
+        strncpy(req.ifr_ifru.ifru_newname, *argv, IF_NAMESIZE);
+        xioctl(fd, SIOCSIFNAME, &req);
+        strncpy(req.ifr_name, *argv++, IF_NAMESIZE);
+        xioctl(fd, SIOCGIFINDEX, &req);
+        break;
+      case 6:
+        req.ifr_ifru.ifru_ivalue = atolx(*argv++);
+        xioctl(fd, SIOCSIFTXQLEN, &req);
+        break;
+      case 7:
+        req.ifr_ifru.ifru_mtu = atolx(*argv++);
+        xioctl(fd, SIOCSIFMTU, &req);
+        break;
+      case 8:
+        xioctl(fd, SIOCGIFHWADDR, &req);
+        fill_hwaddr(*argv++, IF_NAMESIZE, 
+            (unsigned char *)(req.ifr_hwaddr.sa_data));
+        xioctl(fd, SIOCSIFHWADDR, &req);
+        break;
+      case 9:
+        xioctl(fd, SIOCGIFHWADDR, &req);
+        fill_hwaddr(*argv++, IF_NAMESIZE,
+            (unsigned char *)(req.ifr_hwaddr.sa_data));
+        xioctl(fd, SIOCSIFHWBROADCAST, &req);
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+  xioctl(fd, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &req);
+  req.ifr_ifru.ifru_flags |= flags;
+  req.ifr_ifru.ifru_flags &= masks;
+  xioctl(fd, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &req);
+  xclose(fd);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static void print_stats(struct  rtnl_link_stats *rtstat)
+{
+  char *line_feed = (!TT.singleline ? "\n    " : " ");
+
+  if (TT.stats > 0) {
+    xprintf("    RX: bytes  packets  errors  "
+        "dropped  overrun  mcast%s%-10u %-8u %-7u %-8u %-8u %-8u\n",
+        line_feed, rtstat->rx_bytes, rtstat->rx_packets, rtstat->rx_errors,
+        rtstat->rx_dropped, rtstat->rx_over_errors, rtstat->multicast);
+    if (TT.stats > 1) {
+      xprintf("    RX: errors  length  crc  "
+          "frame  fifo  missed%s%-10u %-8u %-7u %-8u %-8u %-8u\n",
+          line_feed, rtstat->rx_errors, rtstat->rx_length_errors,
+          rtstat->rx_crc_errors, rtstat->rx_frame_errors,
+          rtstat->rx_fifo_errors, rtstat->rx_missed_errors);
+    }
+    xprintf("    TX: bytes  packets  errors  "
+        "dropped  carrier  collsns%s%-10u %-8u %-7u %-8u %-8u %-8u\n",
+        line_feed, rtstat->tx_bytes, rtstat->tx_packets, rtstat->tx_errors,
+        rtstat->tx_dropped, rtstat->tx_carrier_errors, rtstat->collisions);
+    if (TT.stats > 1) {
+      xprintf("    TX: errors  aborted  fifo  window  "
+          "heartbeat%s%-10u %-8u %-7u %-8u %-8u\n",
+          line_feed, rtstat->tx_errors, rtstat->tx_aborted_errors,
+          rtstat->tx_fifo_errors, rtstat->tx_window_errors, 
+          rtstat->tx_heartbeat_errors);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static int print_link_output(struct linkdata *link)
+{
+  char *line_feed = " ", *flags,*peer = "brd";
+  struct arglist iface_flags[] = {{"",0},{"UP", IFF_UP}, 
+    {"BROADCAST", IFF_BROADCAST}, {"DEBUG", IFF_DEBUG},
+    {"LOOPBACK", IFF_LOOPBACK}, {"POINTOPOINT", IFF_POINTOPOINT},
+    {"NOTRAILERS", IFF_NOTRAILERS}, {"RUNNING", IFF_RUNNING},
+    {"NOARP", IFF_NOARP}, {"PROMISC",IFF_PROMISC},
+    {"ALLMULTI", IFF_ALLMULTI}, {"MASTER", IFF_MASTER}, {"SLAVE", IFF_SLAVE},
+    {"MULTICAST", IFF_MULTICAST}, {"PORTSEL", IFF_PORTSEL},
+    {"AUTOMEDIA", IFF_AUTOMEDIA}, {"DYNAMIC", IFF_DYNAMIC}, {NULL,-1}};
+
+  if (link->parent != -1) {
+    int fd = 0;
+    struct ifreq req;
+
+    memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req));
+    if_indextoname( link->parent,req.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
+    fd = xsocket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+    if (ioctl(fd, SIOCGIFTXQLEN, &req)) perror("");
+    else link->txqueuelen = req.ifr_ifru.ifru_ivalue;
+    xclose(fd);
+  }
+
+  if (TT.is_addr && addrinfo.label && fnmatch(addrinfo.label, link->iface, 0))
+    return 0;
+
+
+  if (!(flags = get_flag_string(iface_flags, link->flags, 1)))
+    error_exit("Invalid data.");    
+  if (!TT.singleline) line_feed="\n    ";
+  if (link->parent != -1) {
+    char iface[IF_NAMESIZE];
+
+    if (!if_indextoname(link->parent, iface)) perror_exit(NULL);
+    sprintf(toybuf,"%s@%s", link->iface, iface);
+  }
+  if (link->flags & IFF_POINTOPOINT) peer = "peer";
+  if (TT.is_addr && TT.singleline && TT.addressfamily)
+    xprintf("%d: %s", link->iface_idx,
+        ((link->parent == -1) ? link->iface : toybuf));
+  else xprintf("%d: %s: <%s> mtu %d qdisc %s state %s qlen %d",
+      link->iface_idx, ((link->parent == -1) ? link->iface : toybuf), flags,
+      link->mtu, link->qdiscpline, link->state, link->txqueuelen);
+
+  if (!TT.addressfamily || TT.addressfamily == AF_PACKET)
+    xprintf("%slink/%s %s %s %s",
+        line_feed, link->type, link->laddr, peer ,link->bcast);
+
+  xputc('\n');
+
+  //user can specify stats flag two times
+  //one for stats and other for erros e.g. -s and -s -s
+  print_stats(&link->rt_stat);
+  free(flags);
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static void fill_address(void *p, char *ip)
+{
+  unsigned char *ptr = (unsigned char*)p;
+  snprintf(ip, 64, " %02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x",
+      ptr[0], ptr[1], ptr[2], ptr[3], ptr[4], ptr[5]);
+}
+
+static int get_link_info(struct nlmsghdr* h,struct linkdata* link,char **argv)
+{
+  struct ifinfomsg *iface = NLMSG_DATA(h);
+  struct rtattr *attr = IFLA_RTA(iface);
+  int len = h->nlmsg_len - NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(*iface));
+  struct arglist hwtypes[]={{"generic",0},{"ether",ARPHRD_ETHER},
+    {"loopback", ARPHRD_LOOPBACK},{"sit",ARPHRD_SIT},
+#ifdef ARPHRD_INFINIBAND
+    {"infiniband",ARPHRD_INFINIBAND},
+#endif
+#ifdef ARPHRD_IEEE802_TR
+    {"ieee802",ARPHRD_IEEE802}, {"tr",ARPHRD_IEEE802_TR},
+#else
+    {"tr",ARPHRD_IEEE802},
+#endif
+#ifdef ARPHRD_IEEE80211
+    {"ieee802.11",ARPHRD_IEEE80211},
+#endif
+#ifdef ARPHRD_IEEE1394
+    {"ieee1394",ARPHRD_IEEE1394},
+#endif
+    {"irda",ARPHRD_IRDA},{"slip",ARPHRD_SLIP},{"cslip",ARPHRD_CSLIP},
+    {"slip6",ARPHRD_SLIP6}, {"cslip6",ARPHRD_CSLIP6}, {"ppp",ARPHRD_PPP},
+    {"ipip",ARPHRD_TUNNEL}, {"tunnel6",ARPHRD_TUNNEL6},
+    {"gre",ARPHRD_IPGRE},
+#ifdef ARPHRD_VOID
+    {"void",ARPHRD_VOID},
+#endif
+    {NULL,-1}};
+  char *lname = get_flag_string(hwtypes, iface->ifi_type, 0);
+
+  link->next = link->prev = 0;
+  link->iface_type = iface->ifi_type;
+  if (!lname) error_exit("Invalid link.");
+  strncpy(link->type, lname, IFNAMSIZ);
+  free(lname);
+  link->iface_idx = iface->ifi_index;
+  link->flags = iface->ifi_flags;
+  if (*argv && !strcasecmp("up",*argv) && !(link->flags & IFF_UP)) return 1;
+  link->parent =  -1;
+  for (; RTA_OK(attr, len); attr = RTA_NEXT(attr, len)) {
+    switch(attr->rta_type) {
+      case IFLA_IFNAME:
+        snprintf(link->iface, IFNAMSIZ, "%s",(char *) RTA_DATA(attr));
+        break;
+      case IFLA_ADDRESS:
+        if ( iface->ifi_type== ARPHRD_TUNNEL ||
+            iface->ifi_type == ARPHRD_SIT ||
+            iface->ifi_type == ARPHRD_IPGRE)
+          inet_ntop(AF_INET, RTA_DATA(attr), link->laddr, 64);
+        else fill_address(RTA_DATA(attr), link->laddr);
+        break;
+      case IFLA_BROADCAST:
+        if (iface->ifi_type== ARPHRD_TUNNEL ||
+            iface->ifi_type == ARPHRD_SIT ||
+            iface->ifi_type == ARPHRD_IPGRE)
+          inet_ntop(AF_INET, RTA_DATA(attr), link->bcast, 64);
+        else  fill_address(RTA_DATA(attr), link->bcast);
+        break;
+      case IFLA_MTU:
+        link->mtu = *((int*)(RTA_DATA(attr)));
+        break;
+      case IFLA_QDISC:
+        snprintf(link->qdiscpline, IFNAMSIZ, "%s", (char *) RTA_DATA(attr));
+        break;
+      case IFLA_STATS  :
+        link->rt_stat = *((struct rtnl_link_stats*) RTA_DATA(attr));
+        break;
+      case IFLA_LINK:
+        link->parent = *((int*)(RTA_DATA(attr)));
+        break;
+      case IFLA_TXQLEN:
+        link->txqueuelen = *((int*)(RTA_DATA(attr)));
+        break;
+      case IFLA_OPERSTATE: 
+        {
+          struct arglist flags[]={{"UNKNOWN", 0}, {"NOTPRESENT", 1}, 
+            {"DOWN", 2}, {"LOWERLAYERDOWN", 3}, {"TESTING", 4}, 
+            {"DORMANT", 5}, {"UP", 6}, {NULL, -1}};
+          if (!(lname = get_flag_string(flags, *((int*)(RTA_DATA(attr))), 0)))
+            error_exit("Invalid state.");
+          strncpy(link->state, lname,IFNAMSIZ);
+          free(lname);
+        }
+        break;
+      default: break;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int display_link_info(struct nlmsghdr *mhdr, char **argv)
+{
+  struct linkdata link;
+
+  if (!get_link_info(mhdr, &link, argv)) {
+    if (TT.is_addr) {
+      struct linkdata *lnk = xzalloc(sizeof(struct linkdata));
+      memcpy(lnk, &link, sizeof(struct linkdata));
+      dlist_add_nomalloc((struct double_list **)&linfo,
+          (struct double_list *)lnk);
+    }
+    else print_link_output(&link);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int link_show(char **argv)
+{
+  struct {
+    struct nlmsghdr mhdr;
+    struct ifinfomsg info;
+  } request;
+  uint32_t index = 0;
+
+  if (*argv && strcasecmp("up",*argv)) index = get_ifaceindex(*argv, 1);
+  memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+  request.mhdr.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct ifinfomsg));
+  request.mhdr.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST|NLM_F_ACK;
+  if (!index) request.mhdr.nlmsg_flags |= NLM_F_ROOT|NLM_F_MATCH;
+  else request.info.ifi_change =  0xffffffff; // used in single operation
+  request.mhdr.nlmsg_type = RTM_GETLINK;
+  request.info.ifi_index = index;
+  request.info.ifi_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+  send_nlmesg(0, 0, 0, (void*)&request, sizeof(request));
+  return (filter_nlmesg(display_link_info, argv));
+}
+
+static int iplink(char **argv)
+{
+  int idx;
+  cmdobj ipcmd, cmdobjlist[] = {linkupdate, link_set, link_show};
+  struct arglist cmd_objectlist[] = {{"add", 0}, {"delete", 0},
+    {"set", 1}, {"show", 2}, {"list", 2}, {"lst", 2}, {NULL,-1}};
+
+  if (!*argv) idx = 2;
+  else if ((idx = substring_to_idx(*argv++, cmd_objectlist)) == -1) iphelp();
+  ipcmd = cmdobjlist[idx];
+  return ipcmd(argv);
+}
+
+// ===========================================================================
+// Code for ip addr.
+// ===========================================================================
+
+static int print_addrinfo(struct nlmsghdr *h, int flag_l)
+{
+  struct rtattr *rta, *rta_tb[IFA_MAX+1] = {0,};
+  char *family = toybuf, *scope = toybuf+256, *label = toybuf+512,
+       *brd = toybuf+768, *peer = toybuf+1024, *any = toybuf+1280,
+       lbuf[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN] = {0,}, lbuf_ifa[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN] = {0,};
+  struct ifaddrmsg *ifa = NLMSG_DATA(h);
+  int len;
+
+  if ((len = h->nlmsg_len - NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(*ifa))) < 0) {
+    error_msg("wrong nlmsg len %d", len);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  for (rta = IFA_RTA(ifa); RTA_OK(rta, len); rta=RTA_NEXT(rta, len))
+    if (rta->rta_type <= IFA_MAX) rta_tb[rta->rta_type] = rta;
+
+  if (!rta_tb[IFA_LOCAL]) rta_tb[IFA_LOCAL] = rta_tb[IFA_ADDRESS];
+  if (!rta_tb[IFA_ADDRESS]) rta_tb[IFA_ADDRESS] = rta_tb[IFA_LOCAL];
+  if ((addrinfo.scope ^ ifa->ifa_scope)&addrinfo.scopemask) return 0;
+  if (addrinfo.ifindex && addrinfo.ifindex != ifa->ifa_index) return 0;
+
+  if (flag_l && addrinfo.label && ifa->ifa_family == AF_INET6) return 0;
+  if ((rta_tb[IFA_LABEL])) {
+    strncpy(label, RTA_DATA(rta_tb[IFA_LABEL]), 256);
+    label[255] = '\0';
+    if (addrinfo.label && fnmatch(addrinfo.label, label, 0))
+      return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (TT.flush) {
+    if (ifa->ifa_index == addrinfo.ifindex) {
+      h->nlmsg_type = RTM_DELADDR;
+      h->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST;
+      send_nlmesg(RTM_DELADDR, 0, 0, h, h->nlmsg_len);
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (h->nlmsg_type == RTM_DELADDR) printf("Deleted ");
+
+  if (TT.singleline) {
+    if (!if_indextoname(ifa->ifa_index, lbuf)) perror_exit(NULL);
+    printf("%u: %s",ifa->ifa_index, lbuf);
+  }
+
+  sprintf(scope, " scope %s ", namefromRPDB(ifa->ifa_scope, RPDB_rtscopes));
+
+  if (ifa->ifa_family == AF_INET) strcpy(family, "    inet ");
+  else if (ifa->ifa_family == AF_INET6) strcpy(family, "    inet6 ");
+  else sprintf(family, "    family %d", ifa->ifa_family);
+
+  if (rta_tb[IFA_LOCAL]) {
+    if (!inet_ntop(ifa->ifa_family, RTA_DATA(rta_tb[IFA_LOCAL]),
+          lbuf, sizeof(lbuf))) perror_exit("inet");
+
+    sprintf(family+strlen(family), lbuf, strlen(lbuf));
+    if (!rta_tb[IFA_ADDRESS] || !memcmp(RTA_DATA(rta_tb[IFA_ADDRESS]),
+          RTA_DATA(rta_tb[IFA_LOCAL]), 4))
+      sprintf(family+strlen(family), "/%d ", ifa->ifa_prefixlen);
+    else {
+      if (!inet_ntop(ifa->ifa_family, RTA_DATA(rta_tb[IFA_ADDRESS]),
+            lbuf_ifa, sizeof(lbuf_ifa))) perror_exit("inet");
+      sprintf(peer, " peer %s/%d ", lbuf_ifa, ifa->ifa_prefixlen);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (addrinfo.to && strcmp(addrinfo.addr, lbuf))
+    return 0;
+
+  if (rta_tb[IFA_BROADCAST]) {
+    if (!inet_ntop(ifa->ifa_family, RTA_DATA(rta_tb[IFA_BROADCAST]),
+          lbuf, sizeof(lbuf))) perror_exit("inet");
+    sprintf(brd, " brd %s", lbuf);
+  }else brd = "";
+
+  if (rta_tb[IFA_ANYCAST]) {
+    if (!inet_ntop(ifa->ifa_family, RTA_DATA(rta_tb[IFA_ANYCAST]),
+          lbuf, sizeof(lbuf))) perror_exit("inet");
+    sprintf(any, " any %s", lbuf);
+  }
+
+  if (ifa->ifa_family == AF_INET)
+    printf("%s%s%s%s%s %c", family, brd, peer, scope, label,
+        (TT.singleline? '\0' : '\n'));
+  else printf("%s%s %c", family, scope, (TT.singleline? '\0' : '\n'));
+  if (TT.singleline && (ifa->ifa_family == AF_INET)) xputc('\n');
+
+  if (rta_tb[IFA_CACHEINFO]) {
+    struct ifa_cacheinfo *ci = RTA_DATA(rta_tb[IFA_CACHEINFO]);
+
+    printf("%c      valid_lft ", (TT.singleline? '\\' : '\0'));
+    if (ci->ifa_valid ==  0xFFFFFFFFU) printf("forever");
+    else printf("%usec", ci->ifa_valid);
+    printf(" preferred_lft ");
+    if (ci->ifa_prefered ==  0xFFFFFFFFU) printf("forever");
+    else printf("%dsec", ci->ifa_prefered);
+    xputc('\n');
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int ipaddrupdate(char **argv)
+{
+  int length, cmd = !memcmp("add", argv[-1], strlen(argv[-1]))
+    ? RTM_NEWADDR: RTM_DELADDR;
+  int idx = 0,length_brd = 0, length_peer = 0,length_any = 0,length_local = 0,
+      scoped = 0;
+  char *dev = NULL,*label = NULL, reply[8192];
+
+  struct nlmsghdr *addr_ptr = NULL;
+  struct nlmsgerr *err = NULL;
+  struct arglist cmd_objectlist[] = {{"dev",0}, {"peer", 1},
+    {"remote", 2}, {"broadcast", 3}, {"brd", 4}, {"label", 5},
+    {"anycast", 6},{"scope", 7}, {"local", 8}, {NULL, -1}};
+  struct {
+    struct nlmsghdr nlm;
+    struct ifaddrmsg ifadd;
+    char buf[256];
+  } req;
+  typedef struct {
+    int family, bytelen, bitlen;
+    __u32  data[8];
+  } option_data;
+  option_data local;
+
+  memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req));
+  req.nlm.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct ifaddrmsg));
+  req.nlm.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST|NLM_F_ACK;
+  req.nlm.nlmsg_type = cmd;
+  req.ifadd.ifa_family = TT.addressfamily;
+
+  while (*argv) {
+    idx = substring_to_idx(*argv, cmd_objectlist);
+    if (idx >= 0)
+      if (!*++argv)
+        error_exit("Incomplete Command line");
+    switch(idx) {
+      case 0:
+        dev = *argv;
+        break;
+      case 1:
+      case 2:
+        {
+          uint32_t addr[4] = {0,}, netmask = 0;
+          uint8_t len = 0;
+          parse_prefix(addr, &netmask, &len, *argv,
+              req.ifadd.ifa_family);
+          if (len)
+            req.ifadd.ifa_family = ((len == 4) ? AF_INET : AF_INET6);
+          length_peer = len;
+          add_string_to_rtattr(&req.nlm, sizeof(req),
+              IFA_ADDRESS, addr, len);
+          req.ifadd.ifa_prefixlen = netmask;
+        }
+        break;
+      case 3:
+      case 4:
+        if (*argv[0] == '+') {
+          length_brd = -1;
+        } else if (*argv[0] == '-') {
+          length_brd = -2;
+        } else {
+          uint32_t addr[4] = {0,};
+          uint8_t af = AF_UNSPEC;
+
+          if (get_prefix(addr, &af, *argv, req.ifadd.ifa_family))
+            error_exit("Invalid prefix");
+
+          length_brd = ((af == AF_INET6) ? 16 : 4);
+          if (req.ifadd.ifa_family == AF_UNSPEC)
+            req.ifadd.ifa_family = af;
+          add_string_to_rtattr(&req.nlm, sizeof(req),
+              IFA_BROADCAST, &addr, length_brd);
+        }
+        break;
+      case 5:
+        label = *argv;
+        add_string_to_rtattr(&req.nlm, sizeof(req),
+            IFA_LABEL, label, strlen(label) + 1);
+        break;
+      case 6:
+        {
+          uint32_t addr[4] = {0,};
+          uint8_t af = AF_UNSPEC;
+
+          if (get_prefix(addr, &af, *argv, req.ifadd.ifa_family))
+            error_exit("Invalid prefix");
+          length_any = ((af == AF_INET6) ? 16 : 4);
+          if (req.ifadd.ifa_family == AF_UNSPEC)
+            req.ifadd.ifa_family = af;
+          add_string_to_rtattr(&req.nlm, sizeof(req),
+              IFA_ANYCAST, &addr, length_any);
+        }
+        break;
+      case 7:
+        {
+          int scope = idxfromRPDB(*argv, RPDB_rtscopes);
+          if (scope < 0) error_exit("wrong scope '%s'", *argv);
+          req.ifadd.ifa_scope = scope;
+          scoped = 1;
+        }
+        break;
+      default:
+        {
+          //local is by default
+          uint32_t addr[8] = {0,}, netmask = 0;
+          uint8_t len = 0;
+
+          parse_prefix(addr, &netmask, &len, *argv,
+              req.ifadd.ifa_family);
+          if (len)
+            req.ifadd.ifa_family = ((len == 4) ? AF_INET : AF_INET6);
+          length_local = len;
+          local.bitlen = netmask;
+          local.bytelen = len;
+          memcpy(local.data, addr, sizeof(local.data));
+          local.family = req.ifadd.ifa_family;
+          add_string_to_rtattr(&req.nlm, sizeof(req),
+              IFA_LOCAL, &local.data, local.bytelen);
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    argv++;
+  }
+  if (!dev) error_exit("need \"dev \" argument");
+  if (label && strncmp(dev, label, strlen(dev)) != 0)
+    error_exit("\"dev\" (%s) must match \"label\" (%s)", dev, label);
+
+  if (length_peer == 0 && length_local && cmd != RTM_DELADDR){
+    add_string_to_rtattr(&req.nlm, sizeof(req),
+        IFA_ADDRESS, &local.data, local.bytelen);
+  }
+
+  if (length_brd < 0 && cmd != RTM_DELADDR){
+    int i;
+
+    if (req.ifadd.ifa_family != AF_INET)
+      error_exit("broadcast can be set only for IPv4 addresses");
+
+    if (local.bitlen <= 30) {
+      for (i = 31; i >= local.bitlen; i--) {
+        if (length_brd == -1)
+          local.data[0] |= htonl(1<<(31-i));
+        else
+          local.data[0] &= ~htonl(1<<(31-i));
+      }
+      add_string_to_rtattr(&req.nlm, sizeof(req),
+          IFA_BROADCAST, &local.data, local.bytelen);
+      length_brd = local.bytelen;
+    }
+  }
+  if (req.ifadd.ifa_prefixlen == 0)
+    req.ifadd.ifa_prefixlen = local.bitlen;
+  if (!scoped && (cmd != RTM_DELADDR) && (local.family == AF_INET)
+      && (local.bytelen >= 1 && *(uint8_t*)&local.data == 127))
+    req.ifadd.ifa_scope = RT_SCOPE_HOST;
+  req.ifadd.ifa_index = get_ifaceindex(dev, 1);
+
+  send_nlmesg(RTM_NEWADDR, 0, AF_UNSPEC, (void *)&req, req.nlm.nlmsg_len);
+  length = recv(TT.sockfd, reply, sizeof(reply), 0);
+  addr_ptr = (struct nlmsghdr *) reply;
+  for (; NLMSG_OK(addr_ptr, length); addr_ptr = NLMSG_NEXT(addr_ptr, length)) {
+    if (addr_ptr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_DONE)
+      return 1;
+    if (addr_ptr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_ERROR)
+      err = (struct nlmsgerr*) NLMSG_DATA(addr_ptr);
+    if (err && err->error) {
+      errno = -err->error;
+      perror_exit("RTNETLINK answers:");
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int ipaddr_listflush(char **argv)
+{
+  int idx; uint32_t netmask = 0, found = 0;
+  char *tmp = NULL, *name = NULL;
+  struct double_list *dlist;
+  struct arglist cmd_objectlist[] = {{"to", 0}, {"scope", 1}, {"up", 2},
+    {"label", 3}, {"dev", 4}, {NULL, -1}};
+
+  TT.flush = *argv[-1] == 'f' ? 1 : 0;
+  memset(&addrinfo, 0, sizeof(addrinfo));
+
+  if (TT.flush) {
+    if (!*argv)
+      error_exit("Incomplete command for \"flush\"");
+    if (TT.addressfamily == AF_PACKET)
+      error_exit("Can't flush link Addressess");
+  }
+  addrinfo.scope = -1;
+  while (*argv) {
+    switch (idx = substring_to_idx(*argv, cmd_objectlist)) {
+      case 0: 
+        {// ADDR_TO
+          if (!*++argv) error_exit("Incomplete Command line");
+          else if (!strcmp(*argv, "0")) return 0;
+          uint32_t addr[4] = {0,};
+          uint8_t len = 0;
+
+          addrinfo.to = 1;
+          parse_prefix(addr, &netmask, &len, *argv, TT.addressfamily);
+          if (len)
+            TT.addressfamily = ((len == 4) ? AF_INET : AF_INET6);
+          addrinfo.addr  = strtok(*argv, "/");
+        }
+        break;
+      case 1: // ADDR_SCOPE
+        {
+          int scope = 0;
+          if (!*++argv) error_exit("Incomplete Command line");
+          name = *argv;
+
+          addrinfo.scopemask = -1;
+          if (isdigit(**argv)) {
+            int idx = atolx(*argv);
+
+            name = xstrdup(namefromRPDB(idx, RPDB_rtscopes));
+          }
+          if ((scope = idxfromRPDB(name, RPDB_rtscopes)) < 0) {
+            if (strcmp(name, "all"))
+              error_exit("wrong scope '%s'", name);
+            scope = RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE;
+            addrinfo.scopemask = 0;
+          }
+
+          if (isdigit(**argv))
+            free(name);
+          addrinfo.scope = scope;
+        }
+        break;       
+      case 2: // ADDR_UP
+        addrinfo.up = 1;
+        break;            
+      case 3: // ADDR_LABEL
+        if (!*++argv) error_exit("Incomplete Command line");
+        addrinfo.label = *argv;
+        break;
+      case 4: // ADDR_DEV
+        if (!*++argv) error_exit("Incomplete Command line");
+
+      default:                               
+        if (TT.filter_dev)
+          error_exit("Either \"dev\" is duplicate or %s is garbage",
+              *argv);
+        TT.filter_dev = *argv;
+        break;
+    }
+    argv++;
+  }
+
+  link_show(&tmp);
+  while ( linfo && (dlist = dlist_pop(&linfo))){    
+    struct linkdata *tmp  = (struct linkdata*) dlist;
+    char *temp = &tmp->iface[0];
+
+    if (TT.filter_dev && strcmp(TT.filter_dev, temp))
+      continue;
+    found = 1;
+    if (TT.flush && addrinfo.label) ipaddr_print( tmp, 0);
+    if (addrinfo.up && !(tmp->flags & IFF_UP)){
+      ipaddr_print(tmp, 0);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (addrinfo.label){
+      if ( fnmatch(addrinfo.label, temp, 0)) {
+        ipaddr_print(tmp, 1);
+        continue;
+      }      
+    }
+    if (!TT.addressfamily && ! TT.flush ) print_link_output(tmp);
+
+    ipaddr_print(tmp, 0);
+    free(tmp);
+  }
+  if (TT.filter_dev && !found)
+    error_exit("Device \"%s\" doesn't exist. \n", TT.filter_dev);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int ipaddr_print( struct linkdata *link, int flag_l)
+{
+  struct nlmsghdr *addr_ptr;
+  int ip_match = 0;
+
+  addrinfo.ifindex = link->iface_idx;
+  send_nlmesg(RTM_GETADDR, NLM_F_ROOT|NLM_F_MATCH|NLM_F_REQUEST,
+      AF_UNSPEC, NULL, 0);
+  if (TT.addressfamily == AF_PACKET) print_link_output(link);
+
+  if (addrinfo.label){
+    char *col = strchr(addrinfo.label, ':');
+    if (!col && (fnmatch(addrinfo.label, &link->iface[0], 0)))
+      return 0;
+  }
+
+  while (1){
+    int len = recv(TT.sockfd, TT.gbuf, sizeof(TT.gbuf), 0);
+    addr_ptr = (struct nlmsghdr *)TT.gbuf;
+    struct ifaddrmsg *addressInfo = NLMSG_DATA(addr_ptr);
+    char lbuf[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+    struct rtattr *rta, *rta_tb[IFA_MAX+1] = {0,};
+
+    int len1 = addr_ptr->nlmsg_len - NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(*addressInfo));
+    if (len1 > 0) {
+      for (; NLMSG_OK(addr_ptr, len); addr_ptr = NLMSG_NEXT(addr_ptr, len)) {
+        addressInfo = NLMSG_DATA(addr_ptr);
+        if (TT.addressfamily && TT.addressfamily != addressInfo->ifa_family)
+          continue;
+        if (addrinfo.ifindex && addrinfo.ifindex != addressInfo->ifa_index)
+          continue;
+
+        if (addrinfo.to) {        
+          memset(rta_tb, 0, sizeof(rta_tb));
+          int rt_len = IFA_PAYLOAD(addr_ptr);
+          for (rta = IFA_RTA(addressInfo); RTA_OK(rta, rt_len); rta=RTA_NEXT(rta, rt_len)) {
+            if (rta->rta_type <= IFA_MAX) rta_tb[rta->rta_type] = rta;
+          }
+          if (!rta_tb[IFA_LOCAL]) rta_tb[IFA_LOCAL] = rta_tb[IFA_ADDRESS];
+          if (rta_tb[IFA_LOCAL]) {
+            if (!inet_ntop(TT.addressfamily, RTA_DATA(rta_tb[IFA_LOCAL]),
+                  lbuf, sizeof(lbuf))) perror_exit("inet");
+            if (strcmp(addrinfo.addr, lbuf))
+              continue;
+            ip_match=1;
+          }
+          if (!ip_match)
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (!TT.flush){
+          if (addrinfo.scope != -1 && TT.addressfamily && TT.addressfamily ==
+              addressInfo->ifa_family &&
+              (addrinfo.ifindex == addressInfo->ifa_index)) {
+            if ((addrinfo.scope ^ addressInfo->ifa_scope) & addrinfo.scopemask)
+              continue;
+            else if (addrinfo.up && (link->flags & IFF_UP))
+              print_link_output(link);
+            else if (!addrinfo.up) print_link_output(link);
+          }
+          if (TT.addressfamily &&
+              (addrinfo.ifindex == addressInfo->ifa_index) &&
+              (addrinfo.scope == -1)){
+            if (addrinfo.up && (link->flags & IFF_UP))
+              print_link_output(link);
+            else if (!addrinfo.up) print_link_output(link);
+          }
+        }
+
+        for (; NLMSG_OK(addr_ptr, len); addr_ptr = NLMSG_NEXT(addr_ptr, len)) {
+          if ((addr_ptr->nlmsg_type == RTM_NEWADDR))
+            print_addrinfo(addr_ptr, flag_l);
+          if ((addr_ptr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_DONE) ||
+              (addr_ptr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_ERROR) ||
+              (TT.flush && addrinfo.to))
+            goto ret_stop;          
+        }
+        if ((addr_ptr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_DONE) ||
+            (addr_ptr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_ERROR))
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+    else
+      return 0;
+  }
+
+ret_stop:
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int ipaddr(char **argv)
+{
+  int    idx;
+  cmdobj ipcmd, cmdobjlist[] = {ipaddrupdate, ipaddr_listflush};
+  struct arglist cmd_objectlist[] = { {"add", 0}, {"delete", 0},
+    {"list", 1},{"show", 1},{"lst", 1}, {"flush", 1}, {NULL,-1}};
+
+  TT.is_addr++;
+  if (!*argv) idx = 1;
+  else if ((idx = substring_to_idx(*argv++, cmd_objectlist)) == -1) iphelp();
+
+  ipcmd = cmdobjlist[idx];
+  return ipcmd(argv);
+}
+
+// ===========================================================================
+// code for ip route
+// ===========================================================================
+struct I_data {
+  unsigned char family;
+  uint32_t addr[8] , netmask ;
+  uint8_t len ;
+};
+
+struct {
+  int tb,idev,odev,proto;
+  struct I_data rvia, rdst, mdst, rsrc, msrc;
+} gfilter;
+
+static void show_iproute_help(void)
+{
+  char *errmsg = "\n\n" \
+       "iproute { list | flush } SELECTOR\n" \
+       "iproute get ADDRESS [from ADDRESS iif STRING]\n" \
+       "	[oif STRING]\n" \
+       "iproute { add | del | change | append | replace | test } ROUTE\n" \
+       "	SELECTOR := [root PREFIX] [match PREFIX] [proto RTPROTO]\n" \
+       "	ROUTE := [TYPE] PREFIX [proto RTPROTO] [metric METRIC]";
+
+  error_exit(errmsg);
+}
+
+static int display_route_info(struct nlmsghdr *mhdr, char **argv)
+{
+  char *inetval = NULL, out[1024] = {0};
+  struct rtmsg *msg = NLMSG_DATA(mhdr);
+  struct rtattr *rta, *attr[RTA_MAX+1] = {0,};
+  int32_t tvar, msglen = mhdr->nlmsg_len - NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtmsg));
+  int hlen = ((msg->rtm_family == AF_INET) ? 32
+      : ((msg->rtm_family == AF_INET6) ? 128 : -1));
+
+  if (mhdr->nlmsg_type != RTM_NEWROUTE) return 0;
+  if (msglen < 0) return 1;
+
+  if (msg->rtm_family == AF_INET6) {
+    if (gfilter.tb) {
+      if (gfilter.tb < 0) {
+        if (!(msg->rtm_flags & RTM_F_CLONED)) return 0;
+      } else {
+        if (msg->rtm_flags & RTM_F_CLONED) return 0;
+        if (gfilter.tb == RT_TABLE_LOCAL && msg->rtm_type != RTN_LOCAL)
+          return 0;
+        else if (gfilter.tb == RT_TABLE_MAIN && msg->rtm_type == RTN_LOCAL)
+          return 0;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  else if (gfilter.tb > 0 && gfilter.tb != msg->rtm_table) return 0;
+
+  if (gfilter.proto && (msg->rtm_protocol != gfilter.proto)) return 0;
+
+
+  if (gfilter.rdst.family && (msg->rtm_family != gfilter.rdst.family ||
+        gfilter.rdst.netmask > msg->rtm_dst_len)) return 0;
+  if (gfilter.mdst.family && (msg->rtm_family != gfilter.mdst.family
+        || (gfilter.mdst.netmask < msg->rtm_dst_len))) return 0;
+  if (gfilter.rsrc.family && (msg->rtm_family != gfilter.rsrc.family
+        || gfilter.rsrc.netmask > msg->rtm_src_len)) return 0;
+  if (gfilter.msrc.family && (msg->rtm_family != gfilter.msrc.family
+        || (gfilter.msrc.netmask < msg->rtm_src_len))) return 0;
+  tvar = msglen;
+
+  for (rta = RTM_RTA(msg); RTA_OK(rta, tvar); rta=RTA_NEXT(rta, tvar))
+    if (rta->rta_type <= RTA_MAX) attr[rta->rta_type] = rta;
+
+  if (msg->rtm_type != RTN_UNICAST)
+    sprintf(out,"%s%s ", out,rtmtype_idx2str(msg->rtm_type));
+  if (attr[RTA_DST]) {
+    inetval = (char *)inet_ntop(msg->rtm_family, RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_DST]),
+        toybuf, sizeof(toybuf));
+    if (gfilter.rdst.family &&
+        memcmp(RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_DST]), &gfilter.rdst.addr, gfilter.rdst.len))
+      return 0;
+    if (gfilter.mdst.family &&
+        memcmp(RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_DST]), &gfilter.mdst.addr, gfilter.mdst.len))
+      return 0;
+    sprintf(out,"%s%s",out,inetval);
+  }
+  if (msg->rtm_dst_len) sprintf(out,"%s/%d ", out,msg->rtm_dst_len);
+  else sprintf(out,"%s%s",out,"default ");
+
+  if (attr[RTA_SRC]) {
+    inetval = (char *)inet_ntop(msg->rtm_family, RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_SRC]),
+        toybuf, sizeof(toybuf));
+    if (gfilter.rsrc.family &&
+        memcmp(RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_SRC]), &gfilter.rsrc.addr, gfilter.rsrc.len))
+      return 0;
+    if (gfilter.msrc.family &&
+        memcmp(RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_SRC]), &gfilter.msrc.addr, gfilter.msrc.len))
+      return 0;
+    sprintf(out, "%s from %s", out, inetval);
+  }
+  if (msg->rtm_src_len) sprintf(out, "%s/%d ", out, msg->rtm_src_len);
+
+  if (attr[RTA_GATEWAY]) {
+    inetval = (char *)inet_ntop(msg->rtm_family, RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_GATEWAY]),
+        toybuf, sizeof(toybuf));
+    sprintf(out, "%s via %s ", out, inetval);
+  }
+  if (gfilter.rvia.family) {
+    char tmp[256];
+
+    if (!attr[RTA_GATEWAY]) return 0;
+    if (strcmp((char *)inet_ntop(msg->rtm_family, gfilter.rvia.addr,
+            tmp, sizeof(tmp)), inetval)) return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (gfilter.odev != 0) if (!attr[RTA_OIF]) return 0;
+  if (attr[RTA_OIF]) {
+    if (gfilter.odev !=0 && gfilter.odev != *(int*)RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_OIF]))
+      return 0;
+    sprintf(out, "%s dev %s ", out, 
+        if_indextoname(*(int*)RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_OIF]), toybuf));
+  }
+
+  if (attr[RTA_PREFSRC] && hlen) {
+    inetval = (char *)inet_ntop(msg->rtm_family, RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_PREFSRC]),
+        toybuf, sizeof(toybuf));
+    sprintf(out, "%s src %s ", out, inetval);
+  }
+  if (attr[RTA_PRIORITY])
+    sprintf(out, "%s metric %d ", out, *(uint32_t*)RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_PRIORITY]));
+  if (msg->rtm_family == AF_INET6) {
+    struct rta_cacheinfo *ci = NULL;
+    if (attr[RTA_CACHEINFO]) ci = RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_CACHEINFO]);
+    if ((msg->rtm_flags & RTM_F_CLONED) || (ci && ci->rta_expires)) {
+      if (msg->rtm_flags & RTM_F_CLONED) sprintf(out, "%s%s    cache ",
+          out, (!TT.singleline ? "\n" : " "));
+      if (ci && ci->rta_expires) {
+        int hz = 0;
+        FILE *fp = xfopen("/proc/net/psched","r");
+
+        if (fp) {
+          unsigned int nom, denom;
+
+          if (fscanf(fp, "%*08x%*08x%08x%08x", &nom, &denom) == 2)
+            if (nom == 1000000)
+              hz = denom;
+          fclose(fp);
+        }
+        if (!hz) hz = sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK);
+        sprintf(out, "%s expires %dsec", out, ci->rta_expires /hz);
+      }
+      if (ci && ci->rta_error) sprintf(out, "%s error %d", out, ci->rta_error);
+    }
+    else if (ci && ci->rta_error)
+      sprintf(out, "%s error %d", out, ci->rta_error);
+  }
+  if (attr[RTA_IIF] && !gfilter.idev)
+    sprintf(out, "%s iif %s", out, 
+        if_indextoname(*(int*)RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_IIF]), toybuf));
+  if (TT.flush || (TT.connected && !TT.from_ok)) 
+    memcpy(toybuf, (void*)mhdr,mhdr->nlmsg_len);
+
+  if (TT.flush) {
+    int sockfd = 0;
+    struct nlmsghdr* mhdr = (struct nlmsghdr*)toybuf;
+    struct rtmsg *msg = NLMSG_DATA(mhdr);
+    int tvar, msglen = mhdr->nlmsg_len - NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtmsg));
+    struct rtattr *rta, *attr[RTA_MAX+1] = {0,};
+
+    tvar = msglen;
+    for (rta = RTM_RTA(msg); RTA_OK(rta, tvar); rta=RTA_NEXT(rta, tvar))
+      if (rta->rta_type <= RTA_MAX) attr[rta->rta_type] = rta;
+
+    if (msg->rtm_family == AF_INET6
+        && !msg->rtm_dst_len
+        && msg->rtm_type == RTN_UNREACHABLE
+        && attr[RTA_PRIORITY]
+        && *(int*)RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_PRIORITY]) == -1)
+      return 0;
+
+    mhdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
+    mhdr->nlmsg_type  = RTM_DELROUTE;
+    mhdr->nlmsg_pid = 0;
+    sockfd = xsocket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, NETLINK_ROUTE);
+    if (send(sockfd , (void*)mhdr, mhdr->nlmsg_len, 0) < 0)
+      perror_exit("Unable to send data on socket.");
+
+    while (1) {
+      struct nlmsghdr *mhdr;
+      int msglen = recv(sockfd, toybuf, sizeof(toybuf), 0);
+
+      if ((msglen < 0) && (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN)) continue;
+      else if (msglen < 0) {
+        error_msg("netlink receive error %s", strerror(errno));
+        xclose(sockfd);
+        return 1;
+      } else if (!msglen) {
+        error_msg("EOF on netlink");
+        xclose(sockfd);
+        return 1;
+      }
+
+      for (mhdr = (struct nlmsghdr*)toybuf; NLMSG_OK(mhdr, msglen);
+          mhdr = NLMSG_NEXT(mhdr, msglen)) {
+        switch (mhdr->nlmsg_type) {
+          case NLMSG_DONE:
+            xclose(sockfd);
+            return 0;
+          case NLMSG_ERROR:
+            {
+              struct nlmsgerr *merr = (struct nlmsgerr*)NLMSG_DATA(mhdr);
+
+              if (merr->error == 0)  { xclose(sockfd); return 0; }
+              if (mhdr->nlmsg_len < NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct nlmsgerr)))
+                error_msg("ERROR truncated");
+              else {
+                errno = -merr->error;
+                perror_msg("RTNETLINK answers");
+              }
+              xclose(sockfd);
+              return 1;
+            }
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
+      } // End of for loop.
+    } // End of while loop.
+
+    xclose(sockfd);
+  } else printf("%s\n",out);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int route_get(char **argv)
+{
+  int idx, flag;
+  struct arglist cmd_objectlist[] = {{"from", 0}, {"iif", 1}, {"oif", 2}, 
+    {"dev", 3}, {"notify", 4}, {"connected", 5}, {"to", 6}, {NULL, -1}};
+  char *idev = NULL, *odev = NULL;
+  struct {
+    struct nlmsghdr mhdr;
+    struct rtmsg msg;
+    char buf[1024];
+  } request;
+
+  memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+  request.mhdr.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtmsg));
+  request.mhdr.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
+  request.mhdr.nlmsg_type = RTM_GETROUTE;
+  request.msg.rtm_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+
+  for (; *argv; argv++) {
+    switch(idx = substring_to_idx(*argv, cmd_objectlist)) {
+      case 0: TT.from_ok = 1; // dst address
+      case 6: argv++; //fallthrough
+      default: 
+              {
+                uint32_t addr[8] = {0,}, netmask = 0;
+                uint8_t len = 0;
+
+                if (!*argv) error_exit("'%s': Missing Prefix", argv[-1]);
+                parse_prefix(addr, &netmask, &len, *argv, request.msg.rtm_family);
+                if (len) request.msg.rtm_family = ((len == 4) ? AF_INET : AF_INET6);
+                netmask = (request.msg.rtm_family == AF_INET6) ? 128 : 32;
+                if (!idx) request.msg.rtm_src_len = netmask;
+                else request.msg.rtm_dst_len = netmask;
+                add_string_to_rtattr(&request.mhdr, sizeof(request),
+                    (!idx ? RTA_SRC : RTA_DST), addr, len);
+                break;
+              }
+      case 1:
+      case 2:
+      case 3:
+              if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+              if (idx == 1) idev = *argv, flag = RTA_IIF;
+              else odev = *argv, flag = RTA_OIF;
+              idx = get_ifaceindex(*argv, 1);
+              add_string_to_rtattr(&request.mhdr, sizeof(request),
+                  flag, (char*)&idx, sizeof(idx));
+              break;
+      case 4:
+              request.msg.rtm_flags |= RTM_F_NOTIFY;
+              break;
+      case 5:
+              TT.connected = 1;
+              break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (!request.msg.rtm_dst_len) 
+    error_exit("need at least destination address");
+
+  send_nlmesg(0, 0, 0, &request, sizeof(request));
+  filter_nlmesg(display_route_info, NULL);
+
+  if (TT.connected && !TT.from_ok) {
+    struct nlmsghdr *mhdr = (struct nlmsghdr*)toybuf;
+    struct rtmsg *msg = NLMSG_DATA(mhdr);
+    int tvar, msglen = mhdr->nlmsg_len - NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtmsg));
+    struct rtattr *rta, *attr[RTA_MAX+1] = {0,};
+
+    if (mhdr->nlmsg_type != RTM_NEWROUTE) error_exit("not a route?");
+    if (msglen < 0) error_exit("wrong len %d", msglen);
+
+    tvar = msglen;
+    for (rta = RTM_RTA(msg); RTA_OK(rta, tvar); rta=RTA_NEXT(rta, tvar))
+      if (rta->rta_type <= RTA_MAX) attr[rta->rta_type] = rta;
+
+    if (attr[RTA_PREFSRC]) {
+      attr[RTA_PREFSRC]->rta_type = RTA_SRC;
+      msg->rtm_src_len = 8*RTA_PAYLOAD(attr[RTA_PREFSRC]);
+    } else if (!attr[RTA_SRC]) error_exit("can't connect the route");
+
+    if (!odev && attr[RTA_OIF]) attr[RTA_OIF]->rta_type = 0;
+    if (attr[RTA_GATEWAY]) attr[RTA_GATEWAY]->rta_type = 0;
+    if (!idev && attr[RTA_IIF]) attr[RTA_IIF]->rta_type = 0;
+    mhdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
+    mhdr->nlmsg_type  = RTM_GETROUTE;
+    mhdr->nlmsg_pid = 0;
+    xclose(TT.sockfd);
+    TT.sockfd = xsocket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, NETLINK_ROUTE);
+    send_nlmesg(0, 0, 0, mhdr, mhdr->nlmsg_len);
+    filter_nlmesg(display_route_info, NULL);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int route_show_flush(char **argv)
+{
+  struct arglist cmd_objectlist[] = {{"protocol", 0}, {"dev", 1}, {"oif", 2},
+    {"iif", 3}, {"via", 4}, {"table", 5}, {"cache", 6}, {"from", 7}, 
+    {"to", 8}, {"all", 9}, {"root", 10}, {"match", 11}, {"exact", 12}, 
+    {"main", 13}, {NULL,-1}};
+  int family = TT.addressfamily, idx;
+  struct {
+    struct nlmsghdr mhdr;
+    struct rtmsg msg;
+  } request;
+
+  if (*argv[-1] == 'f') TT.flush = 1;
+  if (TT.flush && !*argv) show_iproute_help();
+
+  gfilter.tb = RT_TABLE_MAIN;
+  for (; *argv; argv++) {
+    switch (idx = substring_to_idx(*argv, cmd_objectlist)) {
+      case 0:
+        if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+        if ((idx = idxfromRPDB(*argv,RPDB_rtprotos)) < 0)
+          error_exit("Invalid argument protocol.");
+        gfilter.proto = idx;
+        break;
+      case 1:
+      case 2:
+      case 3:
+        {
+          if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+          int dev = get_ifaceindex(*argv, 1);
+
+          if (idx == 3) gfilter.idev = dev;
+          else gfilter.odev = dev;        
+        }
+        break;
+      case 4:
+        if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+        parse_prefix(gfilter.rvia.addr, &gfilter.rvia.netmask,
+            &gfilter.rvia.len, *argv, gfilter.rvia.family);
+        if (gfilter.rvia.len)
+          gfilter.rvia.family = ((gfilter.rvia.len == 4) ?
+              AF_INET : AF_INET6);
+        break;
+      case 5:
+        if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+        idx = substring_to_idx(*argv, cmd_objectlist);
+        if (idx == 6) gfilter.tb = -1;
+        else if (idx == 9) gfilter.tb = 0;
+        else if (idx != 13) {
+          if ((gfilter.tb = idxfromRPDB(*argv, RPDB_rttables)) < 0)
+            error_exit("table %s is invalid.", *argv);
+        }
+        break;
+      case 6:
+        gfilter.tb = -1;
+        break;
+      case 7:
+        if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+        idx = substring_to_idx(*argv, cmd_objectlist);
+        if (idx < 0)  if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+        if (idx == 10)
+           if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+          parse_prefix(gfilter.rsrc.addr, &gfilter.rsrc.netmask,
+              &gfilter.rsrc.len, *argv, gfilter.rsrc.family);
+        if (gfilter.rsrc.len)
+          gfilter.rsrc.family = ((gfilter.rsrc.len == 4) ?
+              AF_INET : AF_INET6);
+        else {
+          if ((idx == 12 ||idx == 11) && !*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+          parse_prefix(gfilter.msrc.addr, &gfilter.msrc.netmask,
+              &gfilter.msrc.len, *argv, gfilter.msrc.family);
+          if (gfilter.msrc.len)
+            gfilter.msrc.family = ((gfilter.msrc.len == 4) ?
+                AF_INET : AF_INET6);
+          if (idx != 11) gfilter.rsrc = gfilter.msrc;
+        }
+        break;
+      case 8:
+        idx = substring_to_idx(*argv, cmd_objectlist);
+        if (idx != -1 && !*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+      default: // fallthrough
+        if (idx == 10) {
+          if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+          parse_prefix(gfilter.rdst.addr, &gfilter.rdst.netmask,
+              &gfilter.rdst.len, *argv, gfilter.rdst.family);
+        if (gfilter.rdst.len)
+          gfilter.rdst.family = ((gfilter.rdst.len == 4) ?
+              AF_INET : AF_INET6);
+        }
+        else {
+          if ((idx == 12 ||idx == 11) && !*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+          parse_prefix(gfilter.mdst.addr, &gfilter.mdst.netmask,
+              &gfilter.mdst.len, *argv, gfilter.mdst.family);
+          if (gfilter.mdst.len)
+            gfilter.mdst.family = ((gfilter.mdst.len == 4) ?
+                AF_INET : AF_INET6);
+          if (idx != 11) gfilter.rdst = gfilter.mdst;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (family == AF_UNSPEC && gfilter.tb) family = AF_INET;
+
+  if (TT.flush) {
+    if (gfilter.tb < 0) { // flush table cache
+      if (family != AF_INET6) {
+        FILE *fp = xfopen("/proc/sys/net/ipv4/route/flush", "w");
+
+        if (fwrite("-1",1,2,fp) < 2) error_exit("can't flush routing cache");
+        fclose(fp);
+      }
+      if (family == AF_INET) return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  memset(&request, 0, sizeof (request));
+  request.mhdr.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof (struct rtmsg));
+  request.mhdr.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST;
+  request.mhdr.nlmsg_flags |= NLM_F_ROOT | NLM_F_MATCH;
+  request.mhdr.nlmsg_type = RTM_GETROUTE;
+  request.msg.rtm_family = family;
+  if (gfilter.tb < 0) request.msg.rtm_flags = RTM_F_CLONED;
+  send_nlmesg(0, 0, 0, (void*)&request, sizeof (request));
+  return (filter_nlmesg(display_route_info, NULL));
+}
+
+static int route_update(char **argv, unsigned int route_flags)
+{
+  char mxbuf[256], *d = NULL;
+  struct rtattr *mxrta = (void*)mxbuf;
+  unsigned mxlock = 0, ok = 0;
+  int idx;
+  uint32_t addr[8] = {0,}, netmask = 0;
+  uint8_t len = 0;
+
+  struct arglist cmd_objectlist[] = {{"src", 0}, {"via", 1}, {"mtu", 2},
+    {"lock", 3}, {"protocol", 4}, {"table", 5}, {"dev", 6}, {"oif", 7},
+    {"to", 8}, {"metric", 9}, {NULL,-1}
+  };
+  enum {
+    gtwy_ok = 1,
+    dst_ok = 2,
+    proto_ok = 4,
+    type_ok = 8
+  };
+  struct {
+    struct nlmsghdr hdr;
+    struct rtmsg msg;
+    char buf[1024];
+  } req;
+
+  memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req));
+  req.hdr.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtmsg));
+  req.hdr.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_ACK| NLM_F_REQUEST | route_flags;
+  req.hdr.nlmsg_type = TT.route_cmd;
+  req.msg.rtm_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+  req.msg.rtm_table = RT_TABLE_MAIN;
+  req.msg.rtm_scope = RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE;
+
+  if (TT.route_cmd != RTM_DELROUTE) {
+    req.msg.rtm_protocol = RTPROT_BOOT;
+    req.msg.rtm_scope = RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE;
+    req.msg.rtm_type = RTN_UNICAST;
+  }
+
+  mxrta->rta_type = RTA_METRICS;
+  mxrta->rta_len = RTA_LENGTH(0);
+
+  for (; *argv; argv++) {
+    idx = substring_to_idx(*argv, cmd_objectlist);
+    if (!idx) {
+      if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+      parse_prefix(addr, &netmask, &len, *argv, req.msg.rtm_family);
+      if (len) req.msg.rtm_family = ((len == 4) ? AF_INET : AF_INET6);
+      add_string_to_rtattr(&req.hdr, sizeof(req), RTA_PREFSRC, addr, len);
+    } else if (idx == 1) {
+      ok |= gtwy_ok;
+      if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+      parse_prefix(addr, &netmask, &len, *argv, req.msg.rtm_family);
+      if (len) req.msg.rtm_family = ((len == 4) ? AF_INET : AF_INET6);
+      add_string_to_rtattr(&req.hdr, sizeof(req),RTA_GATEWAY, addr, len);
+    } else if (idx == 2) {
+      if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+      if (substring_to_idx(*argv, cmd_objectlist ) == 3) {
+        mxlock |= (1 << RTAX_MTU);
+        if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+      }
+      idx = atolx(*argv);
+      add_string_to_rtattr(&req.hdr, sizeof(req),
+          RTAX_MTU, (char*)&idx, sizeof(idx));
+    } else if (idx == 4) {
+      if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+      if ((idx = idxfromRPDB(*argv,RPDB_rtprotos)) < 0)
+      error_exit("Invalid argument protocol %s.",*argv);
+      req.msg.rtm_protocol = idx;
+      ok |= proto_ok;
+    } else if (idx == 5) {
+      if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+      req.msg.rtm_table = idxfromRPDB(*argv, RPDB_rttables);
+    } else if (idx == 6 || idx == 7) {
+      if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+      d = *argv;
+    } else if (idx == 9) {
+      unsigned long metric;
+      unsigned int res;
+      char* ptr;
+      if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+      metric = strtoul(*argv, &ptr, 0);
+		  if (!(!*ptr && metric <= 0xFFFFFFFFUL)) 
+        error_exit("Invalid argument metric %s.",*argv);
+      else
+        res = metric;
+      add_string_to_rtattr(&req.hdr, sizeof(req),
+          RTA_PRIORITY, (char*)&res, sizeof(res));
+    } else {
+      if (idx == 8)
+        if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+      idx = substring_to_idx(*argv,rtmtypes);
+      if (idx != -1) {
+        if (!*++argv) show_iproute_help();
+        req.msg.rtm_type = idx;
+        ok |= type_ok;
+      }
+      if (ok & dst_ok) error_exit("Duplicate argument 'to'");
+      parse_prefix(addr, &netmask, &len, *argv, req.msg.rtm_family);
+      if (len) req.msg.rtm_family = ((len == 4) ? AF_INET : AF_INET6);
+      req.msg.rtm_dst_len = netmask;
+      ok |= dst_ok;
+      if (len) add_string_to_rtattr(&req.hdr, sizeof(req),RTA_DST, addr, len);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (d) {
+    idx = get_ifaceindex(d,1);
+    add_string_to_rtattr(&req.hdr, sizeof(req),
+        RTA_OIF, (char*)&idx, sizeof(idx));
+  }
+  if (mxrta->rta_len > RTA_LENGTH(0)) {
+    if (mxlock)
+      add_string_to_rtattr(&req.hdr, sizeof(req),
+          RTAX_LOCK, (char*)&mxlock, sizeof(mxlock));
+    add_string_to_rtattr(&req.hdr, sizeof(req),
+        RTA_METRICS, RTA_DATA(mxrta), RTA_PAYLOAD(mxrta));
+  }
+
+  if (req.msg.rtm_type == RTN_LOCAL || req.msg.rtm_type == RTN_NAT)
+    req.msg.rtm_scope = RT_SCOPE_HOST;
+  else if (req.msg.rtm_type == RTN_BROADCAST||req.msg.rtm_type == RTN_MULTICAST
+      || req.msg.rtm_type == RTN_ANYCAST)
+    req.msg.rtm_scope = RT_SCOPE_LINK;
+  else if (req.msg.rtm_type == RTN_UNICAST || req.msg.rtm_type == RTN_UNSPEC) {
+    if (TT.route_cmd == RTM_DELROUTE)
+      req.msg.rtm_scope = RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE;
+    else if (!(ok & gtwy_ok))
+      req.msg.rtm_scope = RT_SCOPE_LINK;
+  }
+  if (req.msg.rtm_family == AF_UNSPEC) req.msg.rtm_family = AF_INET;
+  send_nlmesg(0, 0, 0, &req, sizeof(req));
+  filter_nlmesg(NULL, NULL);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int iproute(char **argv)
+{
+  int idx = 1;
+  struct arglist cmd_objectlist1[] = {{"add", 0}, {"append", 1},{"change", 2},
+    {"chg", 3},{"delete",4}, {"get", 5}, {"list", 6}, {"show", 7},
+    {"prepend", 8},{"replace", 9},{"test", 10}, {"flush", 11},{NULL,-1}};
+
+  TT.route_cmd = RTM_NEWROUTE;
+  switch (idx = substring_to_idx(*argv , cmd_objectlist1)) {
+    case 0: // add
+      return route_update(++argv , NLM_F_CREATE|NLM_F_EXCL);
+    case 1: // append
+      return route_update(++argv , NLM_F_CREATE|NLM_F_APPEND);
+    case 2: // change
+    case 3: // chg
+      return route_update(++argv , NLM_F_REPLACE);
+    case 4: // delete
+      TT.route_cmd = RTM_DELROUTE;
+      return route_update(++argv , RTM_DELROUTE);
+    case 5:
+      return route_get(++argv);
+    case 6:
+    case 7:
+      return route_show_flush(++argv);
+    case 8: // prepend
+      return route_update(++argv , NLM_F_CREATE);
+    case 9: // replace
+      return route_update(++argv ,  NLM_F_CREATE|NLM_F_REPLACE);
+    case 10: // test
+      return route_update(++argv , NLM_F_EXCL);
+    case 11: // flush
+      return route_show_flush(++argv);
+    default:
+      if (!*argv) return route_show_flush(argv);
+      else show_iproute_help();
+  }
+  return 0; // non reachable code.
+}
+
+
+// ===========================================================================
+// code for ip rule.
+// ===========================================================================
+static void show_iprule_help(void)
+{
+  char *errmsg = "Usage: ip rule [ list | add | del ] SELECTOR ACTION\n"
+    "SELECTOR := [ from PREFIX ] [ to PREFIX ] [pref NUMBER] [ tos TOS ]\n"
+    "            [ fwmark FWMARK] [ dev/iif STRING ] [type TYPE]\n"
+    "ACTION := [ table TABLE_ID ] [ realms [SRCREALM/]DSTREALM ]";
+
+  error_exit(errmsg);
+}
+
+static int ruleupdate(char **argv)
+{
+  int8_t idx, tflag = 0, opt = (*argv[-1] == 'a') ? RTM_NEWRULE : RTM_DELRULE;
+  struct arglist options[] = {{"from", 0}, {"to", 1}, {"preference", 2},
+    {"order", 2}, {"priority", 2}, {"tos", 3}, {"dsfield", 3}, {"fwmark", 4},
+    {"realms", 5}, {"table", 6}, {"lookup", 6}, {"dev", 7}, {"iif", 7},
+    {"nat", 8}, {"map-to", 8}, {"type", 9}, {"help", 10}, {NULL, -1}};
+  struct {
+    struct nlmsghdr mhdr;
+    struct rtmsg    msg;
+    char buf[1024];
+  } request;
+
+  memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+  request.mhdr.nlmsg_type = opt;
+  request.mhdr.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtmsg));
+  request.mhdr.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK |
+    ((opt == RTM_DELRULE) ? 0 : NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_EXCL);
+  request.msg.rtm_family = TT.addressfamily;
+  request.msg.rtm_protocol = RTPROT_BOOT;
+  request.msg.rtm_scope = RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE;
+  request.msg.rtm_table = 0;
+  request.msg.rtm_type = ((opt == RTM_DELRULE) ? RTN_UNSPEC : RTN_UNICAST);
+
+  for (; *argv; argv++) {
+    switch ((idx = substring_to_idx(*argv, options))) {
+      case 0:
+      case 1: 
+        { // e.g. from IP/Netmask and to IP/Netmask.
+          uint32_t addr[4] = {0,}, netmask = 0;
+          uint8_t len = 0, *tmp;
+
+          if (!*++argv) error_exit("'%s': Missing Prefix", argv[-1]);
+          parse_prefix(addr, &netmask, &len, *argv, request.msg.rtm_family);
+
+          tmp = idx ? &request.msg.rtm_dst_len : &request.msg.rtm_src_len;
+          if (!netmask) *tmp = 0;
+          else *tmp = netmask;
+
+          add_string_to_rtattr(&request.mhdr, sizeof(request),
+              (idx ? RTA_DST : RTA_SRC), addr, len);
+        }
+        break;
+      case 2:
+      case 4: 
+        { // e.g. Preference p# and fwmark MARK
+          uint32_t pref;
+          char *ptr;
+
+          if (!*++argv)
+            error_exit("Missing %s", (idx == 2) ? "Preference" : "fwmark");
+          pref = strtoul(*argv, &ptr, 0);
+          if (!ptr || (ptr == *argv) || *ptr  || pref > 0xFFFFFFFFUL)
+            error_exit("Invalid %s",  (idx == 2) ? "Preference" : "fwmark");
+          add_string_to_rtattr(&request.mhdr, sizeof(request),
+              ((idx == 2) ? RTA_PRIORITY : RTA_PROTOINFO),
+              (void *)&pref, sizeof(uint32_t));
+        }
+        break;
+      case 3:
+        {
+          uint32_t tos;
+          if (!*++argv) error_exit("Missing TOS key");
+          if ((tos = idxfromRPDB(*argv, RPDB_rtdsfield)) < 0)
+            error_exit("Invalid TOS");
+          request.msg.rtm_tos = tos;
+        }
+        break;
+      case 5:
+        { // e.g. realms FROM_realm/TO_realm
+          uint32_t realms = 0;
+          int ret;
+          char *ptr;
+
+          if (!*++argv) error_exit("Missing REALMSID");
+          if ((ptr = strchr(*argv, '/'))) {
+            *ptr = 0;
+            if ((ret = idxfromRPDB(*argv, RPDB_rtrealms)) < 0)
+              error_exit("Invalid realms");
+            realms = ret;
+            realms <<= 16;
+            *ptr++ = '/';
+          } else ptr = *argv;
+          if ((ret = idxfromRPDB(ptr, RPDB_rtrealms)) < 0)
+            error_exit("Invalid realms");
+          realms |= ret;
+          add_string_to_rtattr(&request.mhdr, sizeof(request),
+              RTA_FLOW, (void *)&realms, sizeof(uint32_t));
+        }
+        break;
+      case 6:
+        { // e.g. table tid/tableName
+          int tid;
+          if (!*++argv) error_exit("Missing TableID");
+          if ((tid = idxfromRPDB(*argv, RPDB_rttables)) < 0)
+            error_exit("Invalid TID");
+          request.msg.rtm_table = tid;
+          tflag = 1;
+        }
+        break;
+      case 7:
+        {
+          if (!*++argv) error_exit("Missing dev/iif NAME");
+          add_string_to_rtattr(&request.mhdr, sizeof(request),
+              RTA_IIF, *argv, strlen(*argv)+1);
+        }
+        break;
+      case 8:
+        {
+          uint32_t addr[4] = {0,};
+          uint8_t af = AF_UNSPEC;
+
+          if (!*++argv) error_exit("Missing nat/map-to ADDRESS");
+          if (get_prefix(addr, &af /* Un-used variable */, *argv, AF_INET))
+            error_exit("Invalid mapping Address");
+
+          add_string_to_rtattr(&request.mhdr, sizeof(request),
+              RTA_GATEWAY, addr, sizeof(uint32_t));
+          request.msg.rtm_type = RTN_NAT;
+        }
+        break;
+      case 9:
+        {
+          if (!*++argv) error_exit("TYPE Missing");
+          request.msg.rtm_type = rtmtype_str2idx(*argv);
+        }
+        break;
+      case 10: 
+        show_iprule_help();
+        break; // Unreachable code.
+      default: 
+        error_exit("Invalid argument '%s'", *argv);
+        break; // Unreachable code.
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!request.msg.rtm_family) request.msg.rtm_family = AF_INET;
+  if (!tflag && opt == RTM_NEWRULE) request.msg.rtm_table = RT_TABLE_MAIN;
+
+  send_nlmesg(0, 0, 0, &request, sizeof(request));
+  return (filter_nlmesg(NULL, NULL));
+}
+
+static int show_rules(struct nlmsghdr *mhdr,
+    char **argv __attribute__ ((__unused__)))
+{
+  struct rtmsg *msg = NLMSG_DATA(mhdr);
+  struct rtattr *rta, *attr[RTA_MAX+1] = {0,};
+  int32_t tvar, msglen = mhdr->nlmsg_len - NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtmsg));
+  int hlen = ((msg->rtm_family == AF_INET) ? 32
+      : ((msg->rtm_family == AF_INET6) ? 128 : -1));
+
+  if (mhdr->nlmsg_type != RTM_NEWRULE) return 0;
+  if (msglen < 0) return 1;
+
+  tvar = msglen;
+  for (rta = RTM_RTA(msg); RTA_OK(rta, tvar); rta=RTA_NEXT(rta, tvar))
+    if (rta->rta_type <= RTA_MAX) attr[rta->rta_type] = rta;
+
+  if (tvar) error_msg("deficit %d, rtalen = %d!", tvar, rta->rta_len);
+
+  printf("%u:\tfrom ", attr[RTA_PRIORITY] ?
+      *(unsigned *)RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_PRIORITY]) : 0);
+
+  if (attr[RTA_SRC]) {
+    printf("%s", (msg->rtm_family == AF_INET || msg->rtm_family == AF_INET6)
+        ? inet_ntop(msg->rtm_family, RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_SRC]),
+          toybuf, sizeof(toybuf))
+        : "???");
+    (msg->rtm_src_len != hlen) ? printf("/%u", msg->rtm_src_len) : 0;
+  } else msg->rtm_src_len ? printf("0/%d", msg->rtm_src_len) : printf("all");
+
+  xputc(' ');
+  if (attr[RTA_DST]) {
+    printf("to %s", (msg->rtm_family == AF_INET || msg->rtm_family == AF_INET6)
+        ? inet_ntop(msg->rtm_family, RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_DST]),
+          toybuf, sizeof(toybuf))  : "???");
+    (msg->rtm_dst_len != hlen) ? printf("/%u", msg->rtm_dst_len) : xputc(' ');
+  } else if (msg->rtm_dst_len)
+    printf("to 0/%d ", msg->rtm_dst_len);
+
+  if (msg->rtm_tos)
+    printf("tos %s ", namefromRPDB(msg->rtm_tos, RPDB_rtdsfield));
+
+  if (attr[RTA_PROTOINFO])
+    printf("fwmark %#x ", *(uint32_t*)RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_PROTOINFO]));
+
+  if (attr[RTA_IIF]) printf("iif %s ", (char*)RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_IIF]));
+
+  if (msg->rtm_table)
+    printf("lookup %s ", namefromRPDB(msg->rtm_table, RPDB_rttables));
+
+  if (attr[RTA_FLOW]) {
+    u_int32_t from, to = *(u_int32_t *)RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_FLOW]);
+    char *format = "realms %s/";
+
+    to = (from = (to >> 16)) & 0xFFFF;
+    format = (from ? format: "%s");
+    printf(format, namefromRPDB((from ? from : to), RPDB_rtrealms));
+  }
+
+  if (msg->rtm_type == RTN_NAT) {
+    if (!attr[RTA_GATEWAY]) printf("masquerade");
+    else printf("map-to %s ", inet_ntop(msg->rtm_family,
+          RTA_DATA(attr[RTA_GATEWAY]), toybuf, sizeof(toybuf)));
+  } else if (msg->rtm_type != RTN_UNICAST)
+    printf("%s", rtmtype_idx2str(msg->rtm_type));
+
+  xputc('\n');
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int rulelist(char **argv)
+{
+  if (*argv) {
+    error_msg("'ip rule show' does not take any arguments.");
+    return 1;
+  }
+  send_nlmesg(RTM_GETRULE, NLM_F_ROOT | NLM_F_MATCH | NLM_F_REQUEST,
+      ((TT.addressfamily != AF_UNSPEC) ? TT.addressfamily : AF_INET), NULL, 0);
+  return filter_nlmesg(show_rules, argv);
+}
+
+static int iprule(char **argv)
+{
+  int idx;
+  struct arglist options[] = {{"add", 0}, {"delete", 0}, {"list", 1},
+    {"show", 1}, {NULL, -1}};
+  cmdobj ipcmd, cmdobjlist[] = {ruleupdate, rulelist};
+
+  if (!*argv) idx = 1;
+  else if ((idx = substring_to_idx(*argv++, options)) == -1)
+    show_iprule_help();
+  ipcmd = cmdobjlist[idx];
+  return ipcmd(argv);
+}
+//============================================================================
+// code for ip tunnel.
+//============================================================================
+static void show_iptunnel_help(void)
+{
+  char *errmsg = "Usage: iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [NAME]\n"
+    "           [mode { ipip | gre | sit }] [remote ADDR] [local ADDR]\n"
+    "           [[i|o]seq] [[i|o]key KEY] [[i|o]csum] [ttl TTL]\n"
+    "           [tos TOS] [[no]pmtudisc] [dev PHYS_DEV]";
+
+  error_exit(errmsg);
+}
+
+static int tnl_ioctl(char *dev, int rtype, struct ip_tunnel_parm *ptnl)
+{
+  struct ifreq req;
+  int fd, ret = 0;
+
+  if ((rtype == SIOCCHGTUNNEL || rtype == SIOCDELTUNNEL) && *ptnl->name)
+    strncpy(req.ifr_name, ptnl->name, IF_NAMESIZE);
+  else strncpy(req.ifr_name, dev, IF_NAMESIZE);
+
+  if (rtype != SIOCGIFHWADDR) req.ifr_ifru.ifru_data = (void*)ptnl;
+  fd = xsocket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+
+  if (rtype == SIOCGETTUNNEL) ret = ioctl(fd, rtype, &req);
+  else if (rtype == SIOCGIFHWADDR)
+    ret = (ioctl(fd, rtype, &req) < 0) ? -1 : req.ifr_addr.sa_family;
+  else xioctl(fd, rtype, &req);
+
+  close(fd);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+static int display_tunnel(struct ip_tunnel_parm *ptnl)
+{
+  char rmt_addr[64], lcl_addr[64], ikey_str[64], okey_str[64];
+
+  printf("%s: %s/ip", ptnl->name, ptnl->iph.protocol == IPPROTO_IPIP ? "ip" :
+      (ptnl->iph.protocol == IPPROTO_GRE ? "gre" :
+       (ptnl->iph.protocol == IPPROTO_IPV6 ? "ipv6" : "unknown")));
+  printf("  remote %s  local %s ", ptnl->iph.daddr ?
+      inet_ntop(AF_INET, &ptnl->iph.daddr, rmt_addr, sizeof(rmt_addr)) : "any",
+      ptnl->iph.saddr ? inet_ntop(AF_INET, &ptnl->iph.saddr, lcl_addr,
+        sizeof(lcl_addr)) : "any");
+  if (ptnl->link) {
+    struct ifreq req;
+    int fd;
+
+    req.ifr_ifindex = ptnl->link;
+    fd = xsocket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+    if (ioctl(fd, SIOCGIFNAME, &req) < 0) perror_msg("SIOCGIFNAME");
+    else printf(" dev %s ", req.ifr_name);
+    close(fd);
+  }
+  if (ptnl->iph.ttl) printf(" ttl %d ", ptnl->iph.ttl);
+  else printf(" ttl inherit ");
+
+  if (ptnl->iph.tos) {
+    printf(" tos");
+    if (ptnl->iph.tos & 1) printf(" inherit");
+    if (ptnl->iph.tos & ~1) printf("%c%s ", ptnl->iph.tos & 1 ? '/' : ' ',
+        namefromRPDB((ptnl->iph.tos & ~1), RPDB_rtdsfield));
+  }
+  if (!(ptnl->iph.frag_off & htons(IP_DF))) printf(" nopmtudisc");
+  inet_ntop(AF_INET, &ptnl->i_key, ikey_str, sizeof(ikey_str));
+  if ((ptnl->i_flags & GRE_KEY) && (ptnl->o_flags & GRE_KEY)
+      && ptnl->o_key == ptnl->i_key) printf(" key %s", ikey_str);
+  else if ((ptnl->i_flags | ptnl->o_flags) & GRE_KEY) {
+    inet_ntop(AF_INET, &ptnl->o_key, okey_str, sizeof(okey_str));
+    if (ptnl->i_flags & GRE_KEY) printf(" ikey %s ", ikey_str);
+    if (ptnl->o_flags & GRE_KEY) printf(" okey %s ", okey_str);
+  }
+  if (ptnl->i_flags & GRE_SEQ) printf("\n  Drop packets out of sequence.\n");
+  if (ptnl->i_flags & GRE_CSUM)
+    printf("\n  Checksum in received packet is required.");
+  if (ptnl->o_flags & GRE_SEQ) printf("\n  Sequence packets on output.");
+  if (ptnl->o_flags & GRE_CSUM) printf("\n  Checksum output packets.");
+  xputc('\n');
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int read_tunnel(struct ip_tunnel_parm *ptnl)
+{
+  int count = 0;
+  char iface[IF_NAMESIZE];
+  struct ip_tunnel_parm iptnl;
+  FILE *fp = xfopen("/proc/net/dev", "r");
+
+  while (fgets(toybuf, sizeof(toybuf), fp)) {
+    char *ptr;
+    int ret;
+
+    if (count++ < 2) continue; // 1st two lines are header.
+
+    ptr = strchr(toybuf, ':');
+    if (!ptr || (*ptr++ = 0, sscanf(toybuf, "%s", iface) != 1))
+      error_exit("invalid format of '/proc/net/dev'");
+    if (*ptnl->name && strcmp(ptnl->name, iface)) continue;
+    if ((ret = tnl_ioctl(iface, SIOCGIFHWADDR, &iptnl)) < 0) {
+      error_msg("failed to get type of '%s'", iface);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (ret != ARPHRD_TUNNEL && ret !=  ARPHRD_SIT &&
+        ret != ARPHRD_IPGRE) continue;
+
+    memset(&iptnl, 0, sizeof(iptnl));
+    if (tnl_ioctl(iface, SIOCGETTUNNEL, &iptnl) < 0) continue;
+    if ((ptnl->link && iptnl.link != ptnl->link) || (*ptnl->name &&
+          strcmp(iptnl.name, ptnl->name)) || (ptnl->iph.daddr &&
+          iptnl.iph.daddr != ptnl->iph.daddr) || (ptnl->iph.saddr &&
+            iptnl.iph.saddr != ptnl->iph.saddr) || (ptnl->i_key &&
+              iptnl.i_key != ptnl->i_key)) continue;
+    display_tunnel(&iptnl);
+  }
+  fclose(fp);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static void parse_iptunnel_args(struct ip_tunnel_parm *ptnl, char **argv, 
+    int ipt_opt_idx)
+{
+  int idx;
+  uint8_t af = AF_INET;
+  uint32_t addr = 0;
+  struct arglist opts[] = { {"mode", 0}, {"key", 1}, {"ikey", 2},
+    {"okey", 3}, {"seq", 4}, {"iseq", 5}, {"oseq", 6}, {"csum", 7},
+    {"icsum", 8}, {"ocsum", 9}, {"nopmtudisc", 10}, {"pmtudisc", 11},
+    {"remote", 12}, {"local", 13},{"dev", 14}, {"ttl", 15}, {"tos", 16},
+    {"dsfield", 17}, {"name", 18}, {NULL, -1} 
+  };
+
+  ptnl->iph.version = 4; // The value indicates the version of IP (4 or 6)
+  ptnl->iph.ihl = 5; // Minimum Internet Header Length
+  // frag_off is measured in units of 8 octets (64 bits)
+  ptnl->iph.frag_off = htons(IP_DF);
+  if (*argv && ipt_opt_idx <= 2 && string_to_idx(*argv, opts) == -1) {
+    strncpy(ptnl->name, *argv, IF_NAMESIZE);
+    if (ipt_opt_idx == 1) {
+      struct ip_tunnel_parm iptnl_old;
+
+      memset(&iptnl_old, 0, sizeof(iptnl_old));
+      tnl_ioctl(ptnl->name, SIOCGETTUNNEL, &iptnl_old);
+      *ptnl = iptnl_old;
+    }
+    argv++;
+  }
+  for (; *argv; argv++, addr = 0) {
+    switch (idx = string_to_idx(*argv, opts)) {
+      case 0:
+        if (!*++argv) error_exit("mode is missing");
+        if ((!strcmp("ipip", *argv) || !strcmp("ip/ip", *argv)))
+          ptnl->iph.protocol = IPPROTO_IPIP;
+        else if ((!strcmp("gre", *argv) || !strcmp("gre/ip", *argv)))
+          ptnl->iph.protocol = IPPROTO_GRE;
+        else if ((!strcmp("sit", *argv) || !strcmp("ipv6/ip", *argv)))
+          ptnl->iph.protocol = IPPROTO_IPV6;
+        else show_iptunnel_help();
+        break;
+      case 1:
+      case 2:
+      case 3:
+        {
+          struct addrinfo *info, hint;
+          int ret;
+
+          if (!*++argv) error_exit("key value is missing");
+          memset(&hint, 0, sizeof(hint));
+          hint.ai_family = AF_INET;
+          ret = getaddrinfo(*argv, NULL, &hint, &info);
+          if (ret || !info) error_exit("invalid argument to key");
+          freeaddrinfo(info);
+
+          if (strchr(*argv, '.')) {
+            if (get_prefix(&addr, &af, *argv, AF_INET))
+              error_exit("invalid key '%s'", *argv);
+          } else {
+            unsigned key_val;
+
+            sscanf(*argv, "%u", &key_val);
+            addr = htonl(key_val);
+          }
+          if (idx == 1) {
+            ptnl->i_flags |= GRE_KEY;
+            ptnl->o_flags |= GRE_KEY;
+            ptnl->i_key = ptnl->o_key = addr;
+          } else if (idx == 2) {
+            ptnl->i_flags |= GRE_KEY;
+            ptnl->i_key = addr;
+          } else {
+            ptnl->o_flags |= GRE_KEY;
+            ptnl->o_key = addr;
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      case 4:
+        ptnl->i_flags |= GRE_SEQ;
+        ptnl->o_flags |= GRE_SEQ;
+        break;
+      case 5:
+        ptnl->i_flags |= GRE_SEQ;
+        break;
+      case 6:
+        ptnl->o_flags |= GRE_SEQ;
+        break;
+      case 7:
+        ptnl->i_flags |= GRE_CSUM;
+        ptnl->o_flags |= GRE_CSUM;
+        break;
+      case 8:
+        ptnl->i_flags |= GRE_CSUM;
+        break;
+      case 9:
+        ptnl->o_flags |= GRE_CSUM;
+        break;
+      case 10:
+        ptnl->iph.frag_off = 0;
+        break;
+      case 11:
+        ptnl->iph.frag_off = htons(IP_DF);
+        break;
+      case 12:
+      case 13:
+        if (!*++argv) error_exit("remote/local address is missing");
+        if (get_prefix(&addr, &af, *argv, AF_INET))
+          error_exit("invalid remote/local address '%s'", *argv);
+        (idx == 12) ? (ptnl->iph.daddr = addr) : (ptnl->iph.saddr = addr);
+        break;
+      case 14:
+        if (!*++argv) error_exit("device name is missing");
+        else {
+          struct ifreq req;
+          int fd;
+
+          strncpy(req.ifr_name, *argv, IFNAMSIZ);
+          fd = xsocket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
+          xioctl(fd, SIOCGIFINDEX, &req);
+          close(fd);
+          ptnl->link = req.ifr_ifindex;
+        }
+        break;
+      case 15:
+        if (!*++argv) error_exit("ttl value is missing");
+        if (strcmp(*argv, "inherit"))
+          ptnl->iph.ttl = atolx_range(*argv, 0, 255);
+        break;
+      case 16:
+      case 17:
+        if (!*++argv) error_exit("tos value is missing");
+        if (strcmp(*argv, "inherit")) {
+          char *ptr;
+          unsigned long tval = strtoul(*argv, &ptr, 16);
+
+          if (tval > 255) error_exit("invalid tos value '%s'", *argv);
+          if (*ptr) {
+            int ret;
+
+            if ((ret = idxfromRPDB(*argv, RPDB_rtdsfield)) < 0)
+              error_exit("invalid tos value");
+            ptnl->iph.tos = ret;
+          } else ptnl->iph.tos = tval;
+        } else ptnl->iph.tos = 1;
+        break;
+      case 18:
+        if (*ptnl->name) error_exit("invalid tunnel");
+        else {
+          if (!*++argv) error_exit("name is missing");
+          strncpy(ptnl->name, *argv, IF_NAMESIZE);
+        }
+        break;
+      default:
+        if (*ptnl->name) error_exit("invalid tunnel");
+        strncpy(ptnl->name, *argv, IF_NAMESIZE);
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+  if (ptnl->iph.protocol == IPPROTO_IPIP ||
+      ptnl->iph.protocol == IPPROTO_IPV6) {
+    if ((ptnl->i_flags & GRE_KEY) || (ptnl->o_flags & GRE_KEY))
+      error_exit("[i|o]key is allowed with gre only");
+    if ((ptnl->i_flags & GRE_SEQ) || (ptnl->o_flags & GRE_SEQ))
+      error_exit("[i|o]seq is allowed with gre only");
+    if ((ptnl->i_flags & GRE_CSUM) || (ptnl->o_flags & GRE_CSUM))
+      error_exit("[i|o]csum is allowed with gre only");
+  }
+  if (!ptnl->i_key && IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(ptnl->iph.daddr))) {
+    ptnl->i_key = ptnl->iph.daddr;
+    ptnl->i_flags |= GRE_KEY;
+  }
+  if (!ptnl->o_key && IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(ptnl->iph.daddr))) {
+    ptnl->o_key = ptnl->iph.daddr;
+    ptnl->o_flags |= GRE_KEY;
+  }
+  if (IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(ptnl->iph.daddr)) && !ptnl->iph.saddr)
+    error_exit("broadcast tunnel requires a source address");
+}
+
+static int tunnellist(char **argv)
+{
+  struct ip_tunnel_parm iptnl;
+  int ret = 0;
+
+  memset(&iptnl, 0, sizeof(iptnl));
+  parse_iptunnel_args(&iptnl, argv, 3);
+
+  if (iptnl.iph.protocol == IPPROTO_IPIP) 
+    ret = tnl_ioctl(*iptnl.name ? iptnl.name : "tunl0", SIOCGETTUNNEL, &iptnl);
+  else if (iptnl.iph.protocol == IPPROTO_GRE) 
+    ret = tnl_ioctl(*iptnl.name ? iptnl.name : "gre0", SIOCGETTUNNEL, &iptnl);
+  else if (iptnl.iph.protocol == IPPROTO_IPV6) 
+    ret = tnl_ioctl(*iptnl.name ? iptnl.name : "sit0", SIOCGETTUNNEL, &iptnl);
+  else return read_tunnel(&iptnl);
+
+  if (ret < 0) {
+    perror_msg("SIOCGETTUNNEL");
+    return ret;
+  } else return display_tunnel(&iptnl);
+}
+
+// Performing add, change, & delete tunnel action, according to passed req_type
+static int tunnelupdate(char **argv)
+{
+  struct ip_tunnel_parm iptnl;
+  int idx = 2, rtype = SIOCDELTUNNEL;
+
+  if (*argv[-1] == 'a') {
+    idx = 0;
+    rtype = SIOCADDTUNNEL;
+  } else if (*argv[-1] == 'c') {
+    idx = 1;
+    rtype = SIOCCHGTUNNEL;
+  }
+
+  memset(&iptnl, 0, sizeof(iptnl));
+  parse_iptunnel_args(&iptnl, argv, idx);
+  if (idx != 2 && iptnl.iph.ttl && !(iptnl.iph.frag_off))
+    error_exit("ttl > 0 and nopmtudisc are incompatible");
+  if (iptnl.iph.protocol == IPPROTO_IPIP)
+    return (tnl_ioctl("tunl0", rtype, &iptnl) < 0) ? 1 : 0;
+  else if (iptnl.iph.protocol == IPPROTO_GRE)
+    return (tnl_ioctl("gre0", rtype, &iptnl) < 0) ? 1 : 0;
+  else if (iptnl.iph.protocol == IPPROTO_IPV6)
+    return (tnl_ioctl("sit0", rtype, &iptnl) < 0) ? 1 : 0;
+  else {
+    if (idx != 2) error_exit("invalid tunnel mode");
+    return (tnl_ioctl(iptnl.name, rtype, &iptnl) < 0) ? 1 : 0;
+  }
+}
+
+static int iptunnel(char **argv)
+{
+  int idx;
+  struct arglist opts[] = {{"add", 0}, {"change", 0}, {"del", 0},
+    {"delete", 0}, {"show", 1}, {"list", 1}, {"lst", 1}, {NULL, -1}
+  };
+  cmdobj ipcmd, cmdobjlist[] = {tunnelupdate, tunnellist};
+
+  if (!*argv) idx = 1;
+  else if ((idx = substring_to_idx(*argv++, opts)) == -1)
+    show_iptunnel_help();
+  ipcmd = cmdobjlist[idx];
+  return ipcmd(argv);
+}
+
+// ===========================================================================
+// Common code, which is used for all ip options.
+// ===========================================================================
+
+// Parse netlink messages and call input callback handler for action
+static int filter_nlmesg(int (*fun)(struct nlmsghdr *mhdr, char **argv),
+    char **argv)
+{
+  while (1) {
+    struct nlmsghdr *mhdr;
+    int msglen = recv(TT.sockfd, TT.gbuf, MESG_LEN, 0);
+
+    if ((msglen < 0) && (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN)) continue;
+    else if (msglen < 0) {
+      error_msg("netlink receive error %s", strerror(errno));
+      return 1;
+    } else if (!msglen) {
+      error_msg("EOF on netlink");
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+    for (mhdr = (struct nlmsghdr*)TT.gbuf; NLMSG_OK(mhdr, msglen);
+        mhdr = NLMSG_NEXT(mhdr, msglen)) {
+      int err;
+      if (mhdr->nlmsg_pid != getpid())
+        continue;
+      switch (mhdr->nlmsg_type) {
+        case NLMSG_DONE:
+          return 0;
+        case NLMSG_ERROR:
+          {
+            struct nlmsgerr *merr = (struct nlmsgerr*)NLMSG_DATA(mhdr);
+
+            if (merr->error == 0) return 0;
+            if (mhdr->nlmsg_len < NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct nlmsgerr)))
+              error_msg("ERROR truncated");
+            else {
+              errno = -merr->error;
+              perror_msg("RTNETLINK answers");
+            }
+            return 1;
+          }
+        default:
+          if (fun && (err = fun(mhdr, argv))) return err;
+          break;
+      }
+    } // End of for loop.
+  } // End of while loop.
+  return 0;
+}
+
+void ip_main(void)
+{
+  char **optargv = toys.argv;
+  int idx, isip = !(toys.which->name[2]); //1 -> if only ip
+  cmdobj ipcmd, cmdobjlist[] = {ipaddr, iplink, iproute, iprule, iptunnel};
+
+  for (++optargv; *optargv; ++optargv) {
+    char *ptr = *optargv;
+    struct arglist ip_options[] = {{"oneline", 0}, {"family",  1},
+      {"4", 1}, {"6", 1}, {"0", 1}, {"stats", 2}, {NULL, -1}};
+
+    if (*ptr != '-') break;
+    else if ((*(ptr+1) == '-') && (*(ptr+2))) ptr +=2;
+    //escape "--" and stop ip arg parsing.
+    else if ((*(ptr+1) == '-') && (!*(ptr+2))) {
+      *ptr +=1;
+      break;
+    } else ptr +=1;
+    switch (substring_to_idx(ptr, ip_options)) {
+      case 0: TT.singleline = 1;
+              break;
+      case 1: {
+                if (isdigit(*ptr)) {
+                  long num = atolx(ptr);
+                  if (num == 4) TT.addressfamily  = AF_INET;
+                  else if (num == 6) TT.addressfamily  = AF_INET6;
+                  else TT.addressfamily = AF_PACKET;
+                } else {
+                  struct arglist ip_aflist[] = {{"inet", AF_INET},
+                    {"inet6", AF_INET6}, {"link", AF_PACKET}, {NULL, -1}};
+
+                  if (!*++optargv) iphelp();
+                  if ((TT.addressfamily = string_to_idx(*optargv, ip_aflist)) == -1)
+                    error_exit("wrong family '%s'", *optargv);
+                }
+              }
+              break;
+      case 2:
+              TT.stats++;
+              break;
+      default: iphelp();
+               break; // unreachable code.
+    }
+  }
+
+  TT.sockfd = xsocket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, NETLINK_ROUTE);
+
+  if (isip) {// only for ip
+    if (*optargv) {
+      struct arglist ip_objectlist[] = { {"address", 0}, {"link", 1},
+        {"route", 2}, {"rule", 3}, {"tunnel", 4}, {"tunl", 4}, {NULL, -1}};
+
+      if ((idx = substring_to_idx(*optargv, ip_objectlist)) == -1) iphelp();
+      ipcmd = cmdobjlist[idx];
+      toys.exitval = ipcmd(++optargv);
+    } else iphelp();
+  } else {
+    struct arglist ip_objectlist[] = { {"ipaddr", 0}, {"iplink", 1},
+      {"iproute", 2}, {"iprule", 3}, {"iptunnel", 4}, {NULL, -1}};
+    if ((idx = string_to_idx(toys.which->name, ip_objectlist)) == -1)
+      iphelp();
+    ipcmd = cmdobjlist[idx];
+    toys.exitval = ipcmd(optargv);
+  }
+  xclose(TT.sockfd);
+  if (rtdsfield_init) free_alist(rt_dsfield);
+  if (rtrealms_init) free_alist(rt_realms);
+  if (rtscope_init) free_alist(rt_scope);
+  if (rttable_init) free_alist(rt_tables);
+  if (rtprotos_init) free_alist(rt_protos);
+}
