Well, I would play around with the sound settings. You can find that program
(mate-volume-control) by hitting ALT+F2 and typing sound in application
finder. You may have your speakers on and your headphones off from what it
looks like to me in amixer. That might be important if you have external
speakers to plug into your sound card.
If you like the terminal alsamixer is cool too.
>"$ amixer -c 0" - No output.
>"$ amixer -c 0" - https://pastebin.com/8Fpi1m8T
I am guessing you did "$ amixer -c 1" for the second line?