Hi all. I am working on the next version of the TCM-TF "reference model"
draft. I have re-written the Scenarios section, according to David's
classification, and taking into account the discussion of the last weeks. So
I would like to hear your opinion.
I have also included three new figures.
Thanks a lot!
Jose
1.4. Scenarios of application
Different scenarios of application can be considered for the
tunneling, compressing and multiplexing solution. They can be
classified according to the domains involved in the optimization:
1.4.1. Multidomain scenario
In this scenario, the TCMT-TF tunnel goes all the way from one
network edge to another, and therefore it can cross several domains.
As shown in Figure 1, the optimization is performed before the
packets leave the domain of an ISP; the traffic crosses the Internet
tunnelized, and the packets are rebuilt at the entry of the second
domain.
_ _ _ _ _ _
( ` )_ +------+ ( ` )_ +------+ ( ` )_
( ) `) --|TCM-IO|-->( ) `) --|TCM-EO|-->( ) `)
(_ (_ . _) _) +------+ (_ (_ . _) _) +------+ (_ (_ . _)_)
ISP 1 Internet ISP 2
<------------TCM-TF-------------->
Figure 1
Note that this is not from border to border (which could be covered
with specialized links) but from edge to edge (e.g. managing all
traffic from individual users arriving at a Game Provider, regardless
users' location).
1.4.2. Single domain
TCM-TF is only activated inside an ISP, from the edge to border,
inside the network operator. The geographical scope and network
depth of TCM-TF activation could be on demand, according to traffic
conditions.
+------+
N users -|TCM-IO|\
+------+ \
\ _ _ _ _
+------+ \--> ( ` )_ +------+ ( ` )_
M users -|TCM-IO|------> ( ) `) --|TCM-EO|--> ( ) `)
+------+ / ->(_ (_ . _) _) +------+ (_ (_ . _) _)
/
+------+ / ISP Internet
P users -|TCM-IO|/
+------+
<------------TCM-TF-------------->
Figure 2
If we consider the residential users of a real-time interactive
application (e.g., VoIP, an online game generating small packets) in
a town or a district, a TCM optimizing module can be included in
network devices, in order to group packets with the same destination.
As shown in Figure 1, depending on the number of users of the
application, the packets could be grouped at different levels in DSL
fixed network scenarios, at gateway level in LTE mobile network
scenarios or even in other ISP edge routers. TCM-TF may also be
applied for fiber residential accesses, and in 2G/3G mobile networks.
This would reduce bandwidth requirements in the provider aggregation
network
At the same time, the ISP would implement TCM-TF capabilities within
its own MPLS network in order to optimize internal network resources:
optimizing modules could be embedded in the Label Edge Routers of the
network. In that scenario MPLS would be the "tunneling" layer, being
the tunnels the paths defined by the MPLS labels and avoiding the use
of other tunneling protocols.
Finally, some networks use cRTP [cRTP] in order to obtain bandwidth
savings on the access link, but as a counterpart it consumes
considerable CPU resources on the aggregation router. In these
cases, by means of TCM, instead of only saving bandwidth on the
access link, it could also be saved across the ISP network, without
the CPU impact on the aggregation router.
1.4.3. Private solutions
End users can also optimize traffic end-to-end from network borders.
TCM-TF is used to connect private networks geographically apart (e.g.
corporation headquarters and subsidiaries), without the ISP being
aware (or having to manage) those flows, as shown in Figure 3, where
two different locations are connected through a tunnel traversing the
Internet or another network.
_ _ _ _ _ _
( ` )_ +------+ ( ` )_ +------+ ( ` )_
( ) `) --|TCM-IO|-->( ) `) --|TCM-EO|-->( ) `)
(_ (_ . _) _) +------+ (_ (_ . _) _) +------+ (_ (_ . _)_)
Location 1 ISP/Internet Location 2
<------------TCM-TF------------->
Figure 3
Some examples of these scenarios:
o The case of an enterprise with a number of distributed central
offices, in which an appliance could be placed next to the access
router, being able to optimize traffic flows with a shared origin
and destination. Thus, a number of remote desktop sessions to the
same server could be optimized, or a number of VoIP calls between
two offices could also require less bandwidth and fewer packets
per second. In some cases the tunnel is already included for
security reasons, so the additional overhead of TCM-TF is lower.
o An Internet cafe, which is suitable of having many users of the
same application (e.g., VoIP, a game) sharing the same access
link. Internet cafes are very popular in countries with
relatively low access speeds in households, where home computer
penetration is usually low as well. In many of these countries,
bandwidth can become a serious limitation for this kind of
business, so TCM-TF savings may become interesting for their
viability.
o Community networks [topology_CNs] (typically deployed in rural
areas or in developing countries), in which a number of people in
the same geographical place share their connections in a
cooperative way, and a number of wireless hops are required in
order to reach a router connected to the Internet.
o Satellite communication links that often manage the bandwidth by
limiting the transmission rate, measured in packets per second
(pps), to and from the satellite. Applications like VoIP that
generate a large number of small packets can easily fill the
maximum number of pps slots, limiting the throughput across such
links. As an example, a G.729a voice call generates 50 pps at 20
ms packetization time. If the satellite transmission allows 1,500
pps, the number of simultaneous voice calls is limited to 30.
This results in poor utilization of the satellite link's bandwidth
as well as places a low bound on the number of voice calls that
can utilize the link simultaneously. TCM optimization of small
packets into one packet for transmission would improve the
efficiency.
o In a M2M/SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) context,
TCM optimization can be applied when a satellite link is used for
collecting the data of a number of sensors. M2M terminals are
normally equipped with sensing devices which can interface to
proximity sensor networks through wireless connections. The
terminal can send the collected sensing data using a satellite
link connecting to a satellite gateway, which in turn will forward
the M2M/SCADA data to the to the processing and control center
through Internet. The size of typical M2M application transaction
depends on the specific service and it may vary from a minimum of
20 bytes (e.g., tracking and metering in private security) to
about 1,000 bytes (e.g., video-surveillance). In this context,
TCM-TF concepts can be also applied to allow a more efficient use
of the available satellite link capacity, matching the
requirements demanded by some M2M services. If the case of large
sensor deployments is considered, where proximity sensor networks
transmit data through different satellite terminals, the use of
compression algorithms already available in current satellite
systems to reduce the overhead introduced by UDP and IPv6
protocols is certainly desirable. In addition to this, tunneling
and multiplexing functions available from TCM-TF allows extending
compression functionality throughout the rest the network, to
eventually reach the processing and control centers.
o Desktop or application sharing where the traffic from the server
to the client typically consists of the delta of screen updates.
Also, the standard for remote desktop sharing emerging for WebRTC
in the RTCWEB Working Group is: {something}/SCTP/UDP (Stream
Control Transmission Protocol [SCTP]). In this scenario, SCTP/UDP
could be used in other cases: chatting, file sharing and
applications related to WebRTC peers. There could be hundreds of
clients at a site talking to a server located at a datacenter over
a WAN. Compressing, multiplexing and tunneling this traffic could
save WAN bandwidth and potentially improve latency.
1.4.4. Mixed scenarios
Different combinations of the previous scenarios can be considered.
Agreements between different companies can be established in order to
save bandwidth and to reduce packets per second. Some examples:
o An ISP could place a TCM optimizer in its aggregation network, in
order to tunnel all the packets of a service, sending them to the
application provider, who would rebuild the packets before
forwarding them to the application server. This would result in
savings for both actors.
o A service provider (e.g., an online gaming company) could be
allowed to place a TCM optimizer in the aggregation network of an
ISP, being able to optimize all the flows of a game or service.
Another TCM optimizer would rebuild these packets once they arrive
to the network of the provider.
[topology_CNs] Vega, D., Cerda-Alabern, L., Navarro, L., and R. Meseguer,
"Topology patterns of a community network: Guifi. net.",
Proceedings Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and
Communications (WiMob), 2012 IEEE 8th International
Conference on (pp. 612-619) , 2012.
