I initially got this working by using the paprefs applet.  pulse-related 
changes to my mpd.conf file are the same as the de facto solution.  this 
solution is noted as an alternate solution in 
http://mpd.wikia.com/wiki/PulseAudio#For_Distros_where_PulseAudio_output_is_broken
This solution works & is necessary (unless you use the loadmodule fix)  because
a) the mpd daemon is run by the user mpd and is unable to connect to that 
user's instance of pulseaudio because it doesn't exist
b) I have told the instance of pulseaudio that's running under my username to 
allow connections via tcp from unauthenticated users
c) mpd is able to make connections via tcp, and will do so to the localhost by 
default.

the problem, as I understand it, with this workaround, is that it leaves
my instance of pulseaudio open to other users on either my local machine
or anywhere on the LAN.  so there's the possibility of unexpected bursts
of sound emitting from the machine when I'm at, say, the library.  yeah
yeah hosts.allow.

with help from the section
http://mpd.wikia.com/wiki/PulseAudio#On_Windows i gathered that copying
~/.pulse-cookie to the mpd user's home directory (and chowning it to
that user) will let mpd get authorization to the pulseaudio server for
that user, even if the paprefs option to allow unauthenticated users is
unchecked and the loadmodule command is not specified.  this is working
fine under hardy.  i also did # usermod -d /home/mpd mpd; not sure if
that was necessary.  again you do have to check the box in paprefs to
enable network access to local sound devices.

but since this will only let mpd connect to one user's instance of
pulseaudio, it's not a very good solution for a music server.  more
appropriate for, for example, a system that supplies audio to a stereo
system and has various users logging into it, is to invoke a system-wide
instance of pulse as per http://pulseaudio.org/wiki/SystemWideInstance,
and copy /var/run/pulse/.pulse-cookie to /home/mpd instead of the user's
cookie.  there are some security & other issues associated with using a
system-wide pulse instance; read all about it at the pulseaudio wiki
link.

-- 
mpd no access to soundcard using pulseaudio
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/192735
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