"mke2fs -S" is __very__ dangerous unless you give it exactly the same
arguments that was used to make the filesystem in the first place (which
probably in this case was something like "mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/sda1", so
you have to use "mke2fs -t ext4 -S /dev/sda1" if you want to have any
hope of mke2fs -S _not_ trashing your filesystem.

In this case it  wouldn't have helped you much, given that e2fsck was
able to use the fallback superblocks just fine.   The failure was due to
a bug in e2fsck -- specifically, an unhandled case where an interior
node has a corrupted extent header.   The cases where this will even
show up is quite rare; I have one inode out of the 760,486 inodes in use
that would even potentially be vulnerable to this failure (where the
extent tree depth is >=2).   In any case, I'll get this fixed in the
next version of e2fsck's maintenance release.

-- 
make ext4 as the primary filesystem for GNU/Linux
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/293465
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