I am quite sure this was caused by the following dpkg bug:
http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=575891
I have  /var on btrfs and the symptoms match exactly.

The dpkg bug is fixed and in Lucid there is an updated package
which includes the fix.

The remaining questions are:
- Will this fix be backported to the other supported ubuntu versions?
- How can ubuntu make sure that everyone affected by this gets their
  installations repaired?
  The problem is that you have to do a reinstall of all installed packages
  which means you have to download every package and reinstall
  them afterwards.

How to fix this is described here:
http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=575891#39

Because the dpkg bug is fixed this can be reduced to:
# Reinstall (almost) everything at once.
aptitude reinstall '~i !~E !~prequired !x11-common'

# These have dependency loops, so must be reinstalled singly.
for i in `aptitude search -F %p '~i(~E|~prequired|x11-common)'`
    do aptitude reinstall $i
done

Note that I do not (yet) have tested the described workaround myself.


** Bug watch added: Debian Bug tracker #575891
   http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=575891

** Package changed: udev (Ubuntu) => dpkg (Ubuntu)

** Also affects: dpkg via
   http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=575891
   Importance: Unknown
       Status: Unknown

-- 
divertion of /sbin/udevadm is not fixed after udev install
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/563260
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