I've long abandoned xmodmap. As the Arch wiki states
(https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xmodmap): "Generally it is not
recommended to use xmodmap, except maybe for the simplest tasks."

Even for simple tasks, there are often easier options available using
XKB. You can browse the data files (e.g. symbols and rules) in
/usr/share/X11/xkb. setxkbmap
(http://www.x.org/releases/X11R7.7/doc/man/man1/setxkbmap.1.xhtml) can
be used like xmodmap.

That's not to say that there aren't similar issues with XKB and Ubuntu.
For example, the new keyboard indicator in 13.10 borked my custom symbol
maps (https://github.com/ryankask/dotfiles/blob/master/xkb/symbols/gb --
the include "ctrl(swapcaps)" no longer works).

See these issues for more details:

* 
http://askubuntu.com/questions/361128/why-did-13-10-break-my-custom-keyboard-layout
* https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/indicator-keyboard/+bug/1218322

That being said, if you want to use any of the symbols in
/usr/share/X11/xkb (for example, i use ctrl(swapcaps) found in
/usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols/ctrl, use dbusconf to edit the values in
org.gnome.desktop.input-sources (see this page for the schema:
https://github.com/GNOME/gsettings-desktop-
schemas/blob/master/schemas/org.gnome.desktop.input-
sources.gschema.xml.in.in)

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1072120

Title:
  ~/.Xmodmap not read on login

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