As another try, I tried to disable the apparmor profile by 
  cd /etc/apparmor.d/disable
  ln -s ./../usr.sbin.clamd
as described by Thomas above. Unexpectedly, that did not get rid of the message 
"ERROR: initgroups() failed".
I found I had a file "usr.sbin(Kopie).clamd" in that folder; this file was a 
backup of the original, and got used by apparmor (went into the cache folder). 
After removing this backup copy (and reload apparmor) clamd could start. 

Next try: use the original usr.sbin.clamd and add "capability setgid," as 
recommended by Christian above.
After reload apparmor and restart clamd I got "ERROR: Failed to change socket 
ownership to group clamav Closing the main socket."
But at system restart clamd started without error.
So, it was the backup file in /etc/apparmor.d which caused the trouble.
Maybe, I will gradually find out how to get on-access scan working.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1404762

Title:
  apparmor profile usr.sbin.clamd does not allow ScanOnAccess via
  fanotify

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