It would be good if there is a message declaring what file system
location is not writable causing the failure.

My mounts are as follows:
mount | grep /boot
/dev/md50 on /boot type ext4 (rw,relatime,stripe=4,data=ordered)
/dev/sda1 on /boot/efi type hfsplus (rw,relatime,umask=77,uid=0,gid=0,nls=utf8)

that /boot/efi ends up mounted ro is typically because of these two
reasons:

A.
Package: grub-common
Version: 2.02~beta2-36ubuntu3
- has a bug that causes the Linux Installer to fail, it requires the file 
/boot/efi/EFI/ubuntu/mach_kernel to exist which can be fixed by:
touch /boot/efi/EFI/ubuntu/mach_kernel

B.
Some crash causing the /boot/efi needing a fsck, but fsck.hfsplus is not 
installed. Because of the Apple firmware on MacBooks, the efi system partition 
must be in the non-standard hfsplus format or the system does not boot.
Remount as rw can be fixed by:
umount /boot/efi
apt-get install hfsprogs
fsck.hfsplus /dev/sda1 # sda1 from the mount line above
mount -o relatime,umask=77,uid=0,gid=0,nls=utf8 /dev/sda1 /boot/efi  # 
parameters from the mount line above

I believe this bug #1573160 occurred in that moment, after the installer
had failed, while installing packages, but before I had ensured
/boot/efi to be rw.

The package is properly installed now:
dpkg --status fwupdate
Package: fwupdate
Status: install ok installed
Priority: optional
Section: admin
Installed-Size: 212
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[email protected]>
Architecture: amd64
Multi-Arch: foreign
Version: 0.5-2ubuntu4
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.4), libefivar0 (>= 0.23), libfwup0 (= 0.5-2ubuntu4), 
libpopt0 (>= 1.14), efibootmgr
Description: Tools to manage UEFI firmware updates
 fwupdate provides functionality to update system firmware. It has been
 initially designed to update firmware using UEFI capsule updates, but
 it is designed to be extensible to other firmware update standards.
 .
 This package provides a simple command line interface to perform UEFI
 firmware updates.
Original-Maintainer: Debian EFI <[email protected]>
Homepage: https://github.com/rhinstaller/fwupdate

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1573160

Title:
  package fwupdate 0.5-2ubuntu4 failed to install/upgrade: subprocess
  installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1

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