After discussing the issue with Adam Blomberg (paradox606), he suggested
enabling the verbose option to get more information regarding the scan.

He indicated that this can be done by modifying /etc/default/rcS to
include "VERBOSE=yes", and that it is also possible to force the repair
of errors with the "FSCKFIX=yes" option.  This will result in additional
detail in the logs SideShowFry (fry-n) was looking at.

Adam's suggested method:


12.04 Force FIlesystem Check:
-----------------------------------------
# tell system to force filesystem checks on startup for all filesystems in 
/etc/fstab with indications to do filesystem checks.
touch /forcefsck

# Tell system to be more verbose at startup
sudo sed -i "s/VERBOSE=no/VERBOSE=yes/" /etc/default/rcS

# Then, after reboot, examine /var/log/boot.log, the results of the
filesystem check will be visible there.

# If you also want the filesystem check to perform all repairs, make this 
change:
sudo sed -i "s/FSCKFIX=no/FSCKFIX=yes/" /etc/default/rcS


14.04 Force FIlesystem Check:
-----------------------------------------
# tell system to force filesystem checks on startup for all filesystems in 
/etc/fstab with indications to do filesystem checks.
touch /forcefsck

# Tell system to be more verbose at startup
sudo sed -i "s/#VERBOSE=no/VERBOSE=yes/" /etc/default/rcS

# Then, after reboot, examine /var/log/upstart/mountall.log, the results
of the filesystem check will be visible there.

# If you also want the filesystem check to perform all repairs, make this 
change:
sudo sed -i "s/#FSCKFIX=no/FSCKFIX=yes/" /etc/default/rcS


Performing this myself I find the following on a 14.04 system:

# cat /var/log/upstart/mountall.log
fsck from util-linux 2.20.1
/dev/vda1: clean, 248966/3670016 files, 2280909/14679040 blocks
fsck from util-linux 2.20.1
e2fsck 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/vda1: 248988/3670016 files (0.2% non-contiguous), 2281324/14679040 blocks

Be sure to note the number sign that has been added in the 14.04 config
file - the two sed commands are not interchangeable.

Also as per Adam, on 16.04 the /forcefsck functionality is not
available, so the recommended method of triggering a filesystem check on
boot is to use tune2fs, as this method will work on 12.04, 14.04 and
16.04:

sudo tune2fs -CCOUNT DEVICE

Setting the count to 1 will cause an fsck on each reboot, while -1
disables the scan.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/513644

Title:
  Does not log fsck invocations in /var/log/fsck/

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