Let me try one last time to separate the issues.

** The UEFI issue (a side issue)

The installer works in two completely different ways, depending on
whether the system booted via UEFI or BIOS. But it does not show whether
it is installing in UEFI or BIOS mode. Hence the user has little way,
short of guesswork, to know how to partition the system correctly.

Many systems can boot from a USB stick in either mode. If you don't tell
it, you get whatever the system chose. So:

(1) The installer *could* tell you which mode it's running in, but it
doesn't. If you don't realise you've booted via UEFI mode and that the
system is going to configure UEFI booting, and decide to partition
manually, then you don't realise that you need a UEFI boot partition.

(2) The system *could* warn you that you have a missing UEFI boot
partition when installing in UEFI mode, but it doesn't.

Those points have now been raised separately in issue #1609715.

However the only relevance here is it gives a way to reproduce the main
problem.

** Broken recovery mode (the main issue)

The point I tried to raise in this issue is the brokenness of recovery
mode when you have a system with some sort of corruption. The UEFI
missing-boot-partition problem is just one specific way to reproduce the
brokenness in recovery mode. Reproducible cases are good; they allow
things to be fixed. There are however many other different ways the
system could be broken and recovery mode would not work.

With an older version of Ubuntu, I could simply log in, poke around,
look at logs, find the problem and fix it.

With ubuntu 16.04, I have now experienced a situation where recovery
mode is broken. I described what happens at the top of this issue.
Basically you can start a recovery shell, and 50% of your keystrokes are
thrown away; and then a few minutes later the recovery shell quits and
recovery mode locks up. I suspect this is something to do with systemd
sitting in the background launching stuff when it thinks dependencies
have been met, and terminating stuff when it thinks it would be a good
idea to do so.

For recovery mode, I just want a shell. Let me do my job. Please spawn
me a shell connected to the console, reliably. That's it. No shells
vanishing and reappearing. No timeouts because filesystems haven't yet
been mounted or because networking is not up. That's the whole point of
recovery mode - to have sufficient access to be able to fix those
things.

For now, the best workaround seems to be to boot from an Ubuntu 14.04
USB, and then mount the system disk. But it makes me sad that 16.04 has
become less good in this respect than it was before. It seems to be a
regression in how easy it is to recover a broken system.

Of course, this only affects systems which require some sort of
maintenance - but it's a fact of life that systems *do* get into states
which require fixing.

That's it. If you have never had to use recovery mode, and hence don't
care about it, then you are lucky.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1609475

Title:
  recovery mode completely broken by systemd

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