That was the issue. From your syslog:
Feb 20 08:11:02 ubuntu kernel: [ 106.347233] FAT-fs (nvme0n1p2): error,
invalid access to FAT (entry 0x53550306)
Feb 20 08:11:02 ubuntu kernel: [ 106.347236] FAT-fs (nvme0n1p2): Filesystem
has been set read-only
This later caused grub to fail to install since it can no longer write
to the ESP.
** Changed in: grub-installer (Ubuntu)
Status: New => Invalid
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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1666140
Title:
Can't install Ubuntu 16.10 on dual boot XPS 13 (9360)
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