> networking.service spawns [email protected] in parallel with no ordering
information

no, networking.service calls ifup -a, it doesn't spawn ifup@ services.

ifup -a doesn't bring up interfaces in parallel, it brings them up
sequentially as ordered in the /etc/networking/interface file(s).
However, while bringing up an interface frequently other interfaces are
created which does trigger parallel ifup@ service calls - for example,
if bond1 and bond1.2 are both defined, while bond1 is being ifup'ed, the
actual bond1 interface is created and processed by udev, which then
calls /lib/udev/vlan-network-interface with bond1, which then parses the
ifupdown configuration and finds the bond1.2 interface that uses bond1
as its raw-device, and so it runs /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/vlan which
creates the bond1.2 interface - that is then processed by udev, which
then ifup's it in parallel to bond1's ifup, etc.

> To resolve boot time races, you need to provide manual dependency ordering of 
> the
> [email protected] systemd units

i don't believe that is entirely correct, but if your suggestion fixes
things for @tom-verdaat then great.  ifupdown (and the vlan add-on to
it) is rather a mess, and i can't wait to move on to netplan with
networkd.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1636708

Title:
  ifup -a does not start dependants last, causes deadlocks with
  vlans/bonding

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