Additional tests and results:

Test 1.

/etc/crypttab:
cryptswap1 UUID=ba7eaa11-bfcf-4d28-917d-f9b4e2a48830 /dev/urandom 
swap,offset=1024,cipher=aes-xts-plain64
ctmp  /dev/vdb6 /dev/urandom tmp

/etc/fstab:
/dev/mapper/cryptswap1 none swap sw 0 0
/dev/mapper/ctmp /tmp            ext4    
defaults,noatime,nodiratime,nosuid,nofail        0       2

The above works, both encrypted swap and /tmp are mounted at boot time.
Also:

# # cryptsetup status ctmp
/dev/mapper/ctmp is active and is in use.
  type:    PLAIN
  cipher:  aes-cbc-essiv:sha256
  keysize: 256 bits
  device:  /dev/vdb6
  offset:  0 sectors
  size:    258048 sectors
  mode:    read/write

Test 2.

/etc/crypttab:
cryptswap1 UUID=ba7eaa11-bfcf-4d28-917d-f9b4e2a48830 /dev/urandom 
swap,offset=1024,cipher=aes-xts-plain64
ctmp  /dev/vdb6 /dev/urandom tmp=ext2

/etc/fstab:
/dev/mapper/cryptswap1 none swap sw 0 0
/dev/mapper/ctmp /tmp            ext2    
defaults,noatime,nodiratime,nosuid,nofail        0       2

Encrypted swap is mounted at boot time, /tmp doesn't. Also:

# grep ctmp /var/log/syslog

Oct 15 09:00:23 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: Starting Cryptography Setup for 
ctmp...
Oct 15 09:00:23 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: [email protected]: 
Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
Oct 15 09:00:23 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: Failed to start Cryptography Setup 
for ctmp.
Oct 15 09:00:23 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: Dependency failed for 
dev-mapper-ctmp.device.
Oct 15 09:00:23 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: Dependency failed for File System 
Check on /dev/mapper/ctmp.
Oct 15 09:00:23 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: 
[email protected]: Job 
[email protected]/start failed with result 'dependency'.
Oct 15 09:00:23 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: dev-mapper-ctmp.device: Job 
dev-mapper-ctmp.device/start failed with result 'dependency'.
Oct 15 09:00:23 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: [email protected]: 
Unit entered failed state.
Oct 15 09:00:23 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: [email protected]: 
Failed with result 'exit-code'.

Test 3.

/etc/crypttab:
cryptswap1 UUID=ba7eaa11-bfcf-4d28-917d-f9b4e2a48830 /dev/urandom 
swap,offset=1024,cipher=aes-xts-plain64
ctmp  /dev/vdb6 /dev/urandom tmp,cipher=aes-cbc-essiv

/etc/fstab:
/dev/mapper/cryptswap1 none swap sw 0 0
/dev/mapper/ctmp /tmp            ext4    
defaults,noatime,nodiratime,nosuid,nofail        0       2

The boot process is stuck: the below question is printed on console:

"Please enter passphrase for disk ctmp on /tmp"

When Enter is entered (the above question appears twice), OS boots,
encrypted swap is mounted, ctmp isn't initialized. Also:

# grep ctmp /var/log/syslog

Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: Starting Cryptography Setup for 
ctmp...
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: [email protected]: 
Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: Failed to start Cryptography Setup 
for ctmp.
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: Dependency failed for 
dev-mapper-ctmp.device.
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: Dependency failed for File System 
Check on /dev/mapper/ctmp.
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: 
[email protected]: Job 
[email protected]/start failed with result 'dependency'.
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: dev-mapper-ctmp.device: Job 
dev-mapper-ctmp.device/start failed with result 'dependency'.
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: [email protected]: 
Unit entered failed state.
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: [email protected]: 
Failed with result 'exit-code'.
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: Starting Cryptography Setup for 
ctmp...
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: [email protected]: 
Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: Failed to start Cryptography Setup 
for ctmp.
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: Dependency failed for 
dev-mapper-ctmp.device.
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: Dependency failed for File System 
Check on /dev/mapper/ctmp.
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: 
[email protected]: Job 
[email protected]/start failed with result 'dependency'.
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: dev-mapper-ctmp.device: Job 
dev-mapper-ctmp.device/start failed with result 'dependency'.
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: [email protected]: 
Unit entered failed state.
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: [email protected]: 
Failed with result 'exit-code'.
Oct 15 09:09:43 ubuntu-1604-home systemd[1]: Starting Cryptography Setup for 
ctmp...

Question: are Test 2 and Test 3 setups expected to fail, according to
cryptsetup manual reference?

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1719176

Title:
  cryptsetup fails to initialize /tmp encrypted by /dev/urandom during
  boot

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