So I made an attempt today to install and was more or less successful.
The workarounds I had to do are detailed as follows:

1. Create a EFI (FAT32, 300MB) and root file system (ext4/btrfs, the rest of 
the drive) manually on the removable media.
2. Create a back up of the host system's EFI partition, with just a simple copy.
3. Install the system with the own partition layout. Set use EFI on the 
removable (although nothing will be done due to this bug and #1173457) and set 
the rootfs mount point on the removable.
4. Finish installation. Do not restart.
5. Copy the EFI directory in /dev/sda1 to /dev/sdX1 (the EFI partition you 
created). Possibly make another backup copy as well.
6. Make a directory on the removable's EFI partition called BOOT.
7. Copy over grubx64.efi and shimx64.efi from 
/mnt/removable-efi-partition/EFI/ubuntu* to 
/mnt/removable-efi-partition/EFI/BOOT, create the BOOT directory if not exists.
8. Rename shimx64.efi to BOOTX64.EFI if secure boot is enabled, otherwise I 
think you can just rename grubx64.efi to BOOTX64.EFI, although I'm not sure as 
I only tested with secure boot thus far.
9. Mount the root fs from the removable media, change /etc/fstab to disable the 
swapfile (somehow prevented boot on my system if enabled).
10. Use blkid to find out the UUID of /dev/sdX1 (the EFI partition on the 
removable).
11. In /etc/fstab again, the /boot/efi mount entry should have the UUID of the 
one above (i believe it by default filled the uuid from whatever /dev/sda1 is).
12. Copy the original backed up EFI partition back to the EFI partition on the 
internal hard drive.

One thing to note that may be confusing: ubuntu mounts the efi partition
in /boot/efi. The partition itself should have a folder called EFI
(/boot/efi/EFI), and the BOOT/ubuntu directories are contained under
that folder (/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT). Don't just copy BOOT/ubuntu directly
into the partition, the system won't boot. The some of the path
fragments are the same, which could make this confusing.

*don't take this path literally, you need to mount that partition
yourself.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1229488

Title:
  EFI install to removable media not supported

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