I'm only recently familiar with the Mutter design, but...

Mutter is the graphics platform on which gnome-shell is built. Mutter
supports running under a Xorg server, or none at all on bare metal
(Wayland mode). So in order to provide a seamless consistent interface
in the latter case it spawns Xwayland, which allows X apps to work with
Wayland even when Mutter's not running on Xorg. In this way, any shell
built on Mutter has the option to use Xorg or Wayland, and if using
Wayland can still transparently run X apps.

"Clutter" is the graphics toolkit on which Mutter is built. "Cogl" is
the graphics toolkit on which Clutter is built. Cogl uses OpenGL
directly. Yes, that's probably too many layers but that's how things
evolved.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1652282

Title:
  Xwayland not using XAUTHORITY, prevents root applications from
  connecting

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