This also affects the 18.04.1 "alterantive installer (debian-installer),
where I reproduced it today.

This error will not occur on the current default server installer
(Subiquity) at this time since it does not support dmcrypt-luks at all.
To my knowledge, the desktop installer (Ubiquity) does not support
dmcrypt-luks FDE incl. /boot), so it will not occur there either.


To work around this issue, after d-i reports that grub-install failed, choose 
to 'continue', confirm that you will have to live without a boot loader. Then 
press escape or select 'go back', which brings up the installers' main menu. 
There, select to 'run a shell' (one of the latter options), then:

# Mount the EFI system partition (ESP) you defined during manual partitioning ( 
usually /dev/sda1 - double-check this using: blkid -t TYPE=vfat ) to 
/target/boot/efi:
mount /dev/sda1 /target/boot/efi

mount --bind /dev /target/dev
mount --bind /dev/pts /target/dev/pts
mount --bind /sys /target/sys
mount --bind /sys/firmware/efi/efivars /target/sys/firmware/efi/efivars
mount --bind /run /target/run  # needed for resolver

chroot /target /bin/bash
echo GRUB_ENABLE_CRYPTODISK=y >> /etc/default/grub
apt update 
apt purge grub-efi-amd64-signed  # unfortunately, to this date, this lacks the 
grub "cryptodisk" command required to decrypt LUKS and we have to resort to the 
unsigned grub variant
apt --purge autoremove
apt install grub-efi-amd64
update-initramfs -k all
update-grub
grub-install /dev/sda  # this may be different for you, choose the storage 
device which contains the ESP
exit

umount /target/run
umount /target/sys/firmware/efi/efivars
umount /target/sys
umount /target/dev/pts
umount /target/dev
umount /target/boot/efi

exit

This brings you back into the installer, from where you can continue
from the step after "install bootloader".

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1762988

Title:
  Bootloader installation fails on UEFI systems with FDE (incl. /boot)

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