I remembered some additional information I should have put in the
original post:

First: Just to be sure, I wanted to reiterate that the 128 GB USB drive
was not just a "boot drive". It was an exact duplicate of the entire
Ubuntu system from my laptop, and worked the exact same way (Trash
function and all).

Second: As noted, the update from Software Updater that required a
restart broke both (1) the GRUB 2 bootloader on the (booted) USB drive,
AND (2) the GRUB 2 bootloader on the (unmounted) laptop's hard drive.

When I said they were broken to the point where neither was bootable,
taking me to the dreaded "grub_rescue" command line when trying to boot
either one, I should have added the following regarding the errors
given:

1) When trying to boot from the USB drive (during the restart), the
error was similar to "trying to read outside hd0" (hd0 = the hard drive,
I believe), before I was put at grub_rescue command line. (To note, I
have seen that same error at other *unrelated* times, but at those
times, it acted more like a warning pause before simply continuing to
the login screen.)

2) Then removing the USB drive and attempting to simply boot up from the
hard drive instead, I got an error similar to "cannot find (or locate)
device such-and-such" before being put at grub_rescue. I believe the
"such-and-such" was the UUID of the USB drive that was being run from
when the update that required a restart came up. So even though trying
to boot up from the hard drive at that point, it still knew something
about the previously-booted USB drive that was active during the
restart-requiring-update; and it didn't like that it couldn't find that
USB drive, so grub_rescue ensued.

That's it. Thank you again!

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1815225

Title:
  Ubuntu System on USB Drive Breaks with Updates Requiring Restarts

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