Okay, well firstly, we're not planning on moving up to 18.04 LTS for a
while… so everything here is as per the Ubuntu 16.04 LTS distribution.

> - the current libperl in 18.04 should be libperl5.26:amd64 - could you
upgrade that and all other packges and retry?

root@bnesecrf0:~# apt-cache search libperl
libperl-dev - Perl library: development files
libperl5.22 - shared Perl library
perl-modules-5.22 - Core Perl modules
libperl4-corelibs-perl - libraries historically supplied with Perl 4
…

It would appear libperl5.22:amd64 is the equivalent on 16.04.

root@bnesecrf0:~# apt-get install -y libperl5.22
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
libperl5.22 is already the newest version (5.22.1-9ubuntu0.6).
0 to upgrade, 0 to newly install, 0 to remove and 79 not to upgrade.
1 not fully installed or removed.
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
Setting up sa-compile (3.4.2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
Running sa-compile (may take a long time)
bayes: locker: safe_lock: cannot create tmp lockfile 
/var/lib/spamd/bayes.lock.bnesecrf0.vrt.int.10269 for 
/var/lib/spamd/bayes.lock: Permission denied
bayes: expire_old_tokens: locker: safe_lock: cannot create tmp lockfile 
/var/lib/spamd/bayes.lock.bnesecrf0.vrt.int.10269 for 
/var/lib/spamd/bayes.lock: Permission denied
In file included from body_0.xs:2:0:
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/perl/5.22/CORE/perl.h:701:23: fatal error: 
sys/types.h: No such file or directory
compilation terminated.
make: *** [body_0.o] Error 1
command 'make PREFIX=/tmp/.spamassassin10269alKcE2tmp/ignored 
INSTALLSITEARCH=/var/lib/spamassassin/compiled/5.022/3.004002 
>>/tmp/.spamassassin10269alKcE2tmp/log' failed: exit 2
dpkg: error processing package sa-compile (--configure):
 subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 25
Errors were encountered while processing:
 sa-compile
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

> - verify that the content is correct
>   $ dpkg --verify sa-compile spamassassin

root@bnesecrf0:~# dpkg --verify sa-compile spamassassin
??5?????? c /etc/default/spamassassin
??5?????? c /etc/spamassassin/local.cf

I'm afraid ??5?????? means nothing to me.  Those are both configuration
files meant to be modified.

/etc/default/spamassassin has:
# /etc/default/spamassassin
# Duncan Findlay

# WARNING: please read README.spamd before using.
# There may be security risks.

# Change to one to enable spamd
ENABLED=1

# Options
# See man spamd for possible options. The -d option is automatically added.

# SpamAssassin uses a preforking model, so be careful! You need to
# make sure --max-children is not set to anything higher than 5,
# unless you know what you're doing.

OPTIONS="--create-prefs --max-children 5 --helper-home-dir -u mail
--allow-tell"

# Pid file
# Where should spamd write its PID to file? If you use the -u or
# --username option above, this needs to be writable by that user.
# Otherwise, the init script will not be able to shut spamd down.
PIDFILE="/var/run/spamd.pid"

# Set nice level of spamd
#NICE="--nicelevel 15"

# Cronjob
# Set to anything but 0 to enable the cron job to automatically update
# spamassassin's rules on a nightly basis
CRON=1


and /etc/spamassassin/local.cf has (skipping actual comments for brevity):
rewrite_header Subject *****SPAM*****
trusted_networks xx.xx # OUR INTERNAL NETWORK SUBNET HERE
required_score 5.0
use_bayes 1
bayes_auto_learn 1
bayes_path              /var/lib/spamd/bayes
bayes_file_mode         0666
bayes_ignore_header X-Bogosity
bayes_ignore_header X-Spam-Flag
bayes_ignore_header X-Spam-Status
# I believe the above are mostly defaults, these would be customisations:
score RCVD_IN_SORBS_DUL 2
score SPF_SOFTFAIL 3
score SPF_FAIL 4
header CHESTERFIELDLOCALS Return-Path =~ /chesterfieldlocals.info/
describe CHESTERFIELDLOCALS Memory loss spammer (I remember you, so clearly 
don't meed your product)
score CHESTERFIELDLOCALS 20
body SEO_MOREENQUIRIES /www.moreenquiries.com.au/i
describe SEO_MOREENQUIRIES The liars from moreenquiries.com.au have their NO
score SEO_MOREENQUIRIES 20
body SEO_PAYONRESULTS /pay-on-results/i
describe SEO_PAYONRESULTS SEO rubbish
score SEO_PAYONRESULTS 20
body SEO_PAGEOFGOOGLE /page *\d* of google/i
describe SEO_PAGEOFGOOGLE SEO claiming we can be page 1 of Google (Google and 
Google alone is page one of https://google.com)
score SEO_PAGEOFGOOGLE 20
body FROM_RUSSIA_IN_USA /I'?m from Russia.*I live in the USA/i
describe FROM_RUSSIA_IN_USA Supposedly from Russia, as if we care
score FROM_RUSSIA_IN_USA 20
score URIBL_BLACK               10.0
score URIBL_ABUSE_SURBL         10.0
ifplugin Mail::SpamAssassin::Plugin::Shortcircuit
shortcircuit USER_IN_WHITELIST       on
shortcircuit USER_IN_DEF_WHITELIST   on
shortcircuit USER_IN_ALL_SPAM_TO     on
shortcircuit SUBJECT_IN_WHITELIST    on
shortcircuit USER_IN_BLACKLIST       on
shortcircuit USER_IN_BLACKLIST_TO    on
shortcircuit SUBJECT_IN_BLACKLIST    on
shortcircuit ALL_TRUSTED             on
shortcircuit BAYES_99                spam
shortcircuit BAYES_00                ham
whitelist_from_rcvd u...@example.com example.com
endif

> - there could be old conffiles from old versions in /etc/spamassassin/ that 
> drives it nuts
>   I'm not sure if you have any custom rules, but you could mv away all of 
> /ets/spamassassin
>    $ mv /etc/spamassassin /root/spamassassin.etc.backup

root@bnesecrf0:/etc/spamassassin# ls -l
total 48
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  939 Mar 30  2012 65_debian.cf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1289 Jan 28  2015 init.pre
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3515 Feb  6  2018 local.cf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2379 Nov 10  2015 local.cf.dpkg-dist
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  118 Jan 28  2015 sa-compile.pre
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root    0 Nov  6 22:34 sa-update-hooks.d
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2524 Mar 30  2012 v310.pre
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1194 Mar 30  2012 v312.pre
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2416 Mar 30  2012 v320.pre
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1237 Mar 30  2012 v330.pre
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1020 Jan 28  2015 v340.pre
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1309 Nov 10  2015 v341.pre
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1505 Nov  6 22:34 v342.pre

Nothing there that shouldn't be there.  `sa-update-hooks.d` is empty.

>   And then purge and reinstall the packages to get a clean slate on those:
>    $ apt remove --purge sa-compile spamassassin
>    $ apt install sa-compile spamassassin

root@bnesecrf0:/etc/spamassassin# cd 
root@bnesecrf0:~# rm -fr /etc/spamassassin \
  && apt remove --purge sa-compile spamassassin \
  && apt install sa-compile spamassassin \
  && tar -C /etc/spamassassin -xvf ~/spamassassin.tar ./local.cf
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  re2c spamc
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  sa-compile* spamassassin*
0 to upgrade, 0 to newly install, 2 to remove and 79 not to upgrade.
1 not fully installed or removed.
After this operation, 4,129 kB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
(Reading database ... 174672 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing sa-compile (3.4.2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
Purging configuration files for sa-compile (3.4.2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
Removing spamassassin (3.4.2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
Purging configuration files for spamassassin (3.4.2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
initctl: Unable to connect to Upstart: Failed to connect to socket 
/com/ubuntu/upstart: Connection refused
insserv: warning: script 'screen-cleanup' missing LSB tags and overrides
insserv: Default-Start undefined, assuming empty start runlevel(s) for script 
`screen-cleanup'
insserv: Default-Stop  undefined, assuming empty stop  runlevel(s) for script 
`screen-cleanup'
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Suggested packages:
  razor libdbi-perl pyzor libmail-dkim-perl libencode-detect-perl
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  sa-compile spamassassin
0 to upgrade, 2 to newly install, 0 to remove and 79 not to upgrade.
Need to get 0 B/1,108 kB of archives.
After this operation, 4,129 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Selecting previously unselected package spamassassin.
(Reading database ... 174339 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../spamassassin_3.4.2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1_all.deb ...
Unpacking spamassassin (3.4.2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package sa-compile.
Preparing to unpack .../sa-compile_3.4.2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1_all.deb ...
Unpacking sa-compile (3.4.2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu21.15) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Setting up spamassassin (3.4.2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
initctl: Unable to connect to Upstart: Failed to connect to socket 
/com/ubuntu/upstart: Connection refused
insserv: warning: script 'screen-cleanup' missing LSB tags and overrides
insserv: Default-Start undefined, assuming empty start runlevel(s) for script 
`screen-cleanup'
insserv: Default-Stop  undefined, assuming empty stop  runlevel(s) for script 
`screen-cleanup'
Setting up sa-compile (3.4.2-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
Running sa-compile (may take a long time)
In file included from body_0.xs:2:0:
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/perl/5.22/CORE/perl.h:701:23: fatal error: 
sys/types.h: No such file or directory
compilation terminated.
make: *** [body_0.o] Error 1
command 'make PREFIX=/tmp/.spamassassin18097emlTAotmp/ignored 
INSTALLSITEARCH=/var/lib/spamassassin/compiled/5.022/3.004002 
>>/tmp/.spamassassin18097emlTAotmp/log' failed: exit 2
dpkg: error processing package sa-compile (--configure):
 subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 25
Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu21.15) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ...
Errors were encountered while processing:
 sa-compile
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)
root@bnesecrf0:~# /etc/init.d/spamassassin restart
[ ok ] Restarting spamassassin (via systemctl): spamassassin.service.

Evidently, Ubuntu has broken system headers:

root@bnesecrf0:~# ls -l /usr/include/sys/types.h 
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 31 Jan 15  2018 /usr/include/sys/types.h -> 
../x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/types.h
root@bnesecrf0:~# ls -l /usr/include/sys/../x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/types.h
ls: cannot access '/usr/include/sys/../x86_64-linux-gnu/sys/types.h': No such 
file or directory
root@bnesecrf0:~# dpkg -S /usr/include/sys/types.h
libc6-dev-i386: /usr/include/sys/types.h

-- 
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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1815978

Title:
  sa-compile broken on 16.04 LTS AMD64

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