I have an important update after further investigation.

I was able to reproduce the failure again and capture it with btmon.

The btmon traces consistently showed that the connection was failing
during BR/EDR authentication with:

Authentication Failure (0x05)

This happened before any A2DP negotiation started, indicating that the
audio profile was not the root cause.

After investigating further, I compared the stored BR/EDR Link Keys on
my Windows and Ubuntu installations (this is a dual-boot system using
the same Bluetooth adapter).

The Link Keys were different for the same Echo Dot device.

Windows:
03CD43933B547B761522B83780E1D3E2

Ubuntu:
C0B33FBD5D0147FA477C0051BDDD91E9

I then manually replaced the Link Key stored by BlueZ in:

/var/lib/bluetooth/<adapter>/<device>/info

with the Windows Link Key, keeping the same Type and PINLength values.

After restarting the Bluetooth service (without re-pairing the device),
the Echo connected successfully immediately.

This strongly suggests that the authentication failures were caused by
mismatched BR/EDR Link Keys rather than an A2DP regression or a BlueZ
version issue.

At this point, I believe the BlueZ versions I tested were likely
unrelated to the failures. The connection problem appears to have been
caused by the dual-boot systems having different stored Link Keys for
the same Bluetooth device.

I still do not know what originally caused the Link Keys to diverge, but
I wanted to document this finding since it completely changed the
outcome of the investigation.

Thank you for your time and for helping investigate this issue.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/2159829

Title:
  Regression in BlueZ 5.72-0ubuntu5.5 prevents A2DP connection to Amazon
  Echo Dot 4 on Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS

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