I got this with a fresh install of 8.04 too, and I've had to help a few
people on IRC who have been bitten by it.  My solution was as follows:

boot into recovery console (the only way to get root now since sudo is broken)
edit /etc/hosts and add the shortname - I added it to both the 127.0.0.1 and 
the 127.0.1.1 lines.  At this stage I don't do IPv6 so don't know about that one
chmod 0444 /etc/hosts (this is necessary because shortly after rebooting some 
idiot process will erase the fix unless this file is read-only)

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Missing hostname in /etc/hosts causes sudo to fail
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/19775
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